TY - JOUR KW - ultrasound KW - cattle KW - joint KW - collateral ligament KW - cartilage KW - bone AU - N Borges AU - G Weissengruber AU - J Huber AU - J Kofler AB - The present study describes the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow region in healthy Holstein Friesian calves (n = 12) and Holstein Friesian cows (n = 12). Using 7.5 MHz linear and 5.0 MHz convex probes the ultrasonographic appearance and dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), joint pouch (JP), joint capsule (JC), joint space, vessels, muscles, bursa, bone surface, growth plate, articular and apophyseal cartilage were studied and measured. The exam started on the lateral aspect by identification of the LCL and continued to cranial, medial and caudal sides. The diameter of the LCL ranged between 9.2–18.1 mm in cows and 1.7–8.3 mm in calves. The caudo-lateral JP was easily imaged at the level of the humero-radioulnar joint caudal of the LCL, however the cranial JP was hardly or not visualized. Experimental injection of 20–0 ml of water post-mortem produced a clear distension and imaging of the joint pouch. Eleven muscles of the elbow region were distinguished in calves and seven in cows. Positive correlations were noticed between the age and the body weight (BW) with all parameters measured in calves. However, in cows, the BW correlated with the skin–bone surface distance and the thickness of the LCL only. It is concluded that ultrasonography allowed consistent imaging of the normal anatomical structures of the elbow region in calves and cows, giving reference values for the evaluation of pathological alterations. BT - Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift C1 - {"oldId":89940,"title":"Ultrasonographic examination of the elbow region in calves and cows \u2013 normal appearance","topline":"","teaserText":"Ultraschalluntersuchung der Ellenbogenregion bei K\u00e4lbern und K\u00fchen \u2013 physiologisches Erscheinungsbild","content":"

Summary<\/span>
The present study describes the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow region in healthy Holstein Friesian calves (n = 12) and Holstein Friesian cows (n = 12). Using 7.5 MHz linear and 5.0 MHz convex probes the ultrasonographic appearance and dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), joint pouch (JP), joint capsule (JC), joint space, vessels, muscles, bursa, bone surface, growth plate, articular and apophyseal cartilage were studied and measured. The exam started on the lateral aspect by identification of the LCL and continued to cranial, medial and caudal sides. The diameter of the LCL ranged between 9.2\u201318.1 mm in cows and 1.7\u20138.3 mm in calves. The caudo-lateral JP was easily imaged at the level of the humero-radioulnar joint caudal of the LCL, however the cranial JP was hardly or not visualized. Experimental injection of 20\u2013\ufeff0 ml of water post-mortem produced a clear distension and imaging of the joint pouch. Eleven muscles of the elbow region were distinguished in calves and seven in cows. Positive correlations were noticed between the age and the body weight (BW) with all parameters measured in calves. However, in cows, the BW correlated with the skin\u2013bone surface distance and the thickness of the LCL only. It is concluded that ultrasonography allowed consistent imaging of the normal anatomical structures of the elbow region in calves and cows, giving reference values for the evaluation of pathological alterations.<\/p>

Keywords<\/span>
ultrasound, cattle, joint, collateral ligament, cartilage, bone<\/p>

Zusammenfassung<\/span>
Die Studie beschreibt die sonografische Darstellung der Strukturen der Ellbogenregion bei gesunden Holstein-Friesian K\u00e4lbern (n = 12) und K\u00fchen (n = 12). Mithilfe eines 7,5 MHz Linear- und eines 5 MHz Konvexschallkopfes wurden das sonografische Erscheinungsbild und die Dimensionen des lateralen (LCL) und des medialen Kollateralbandes (MCL), der Gelenkrezessus (JP), der Gelenkkapsel (JC), des Gelenkspaltes, von Gef\u00e4\u00dfen, Muskeln, Schleimbeuteln, Knochenkonturen, Wachstumsfugen sowie des Gelenkknorpels und des apophys\u00e4ren Knorpels untersucht bzw. gemessen. Die sonografische Untersuchung startete an der lateralen Seite mit der Identifizierung des LCL, und setzte sich dann an der kranialen, medialen und kaudalen Seite fort. Der Durchmesser des LCL variierte von 9,2\u201318,1 mm bei den K\u00fchen und von 1,7\u20138,3 mm bei den K\u00e4lbern. Der kaudolaterale Gelenkrezessus konnte auf H\u00f6he des Gelenkspaltes kaudal des LCL gut dargestellt werden, hingegen lie\u00df sich der kraniale Gelenkrezessus kaum differenzieren. Die experimentelle F\u00fcllung des Ellbogengelenkes post mortem mit 20\u2013\ufeff0 ml Wasser f\u00fchrte zu einer deutlichen Aufweitung und Darstellung der Rezessus. In der Ellbogenregion konnten bei K\u00e4lbern elf Muskeln und bei K\u00fchen sieben Muskel sonografisch differenziert werden. Positive Korrelationen wurden zwischen Alter und K\u00f6rpergewicht (BW) mit allen Messwerten bei K\u00e4lbern berechnet, bei K\u00fchen hingegen nur zwischen dem K\u00f6rpergewicht und der Haut-Knochendistanz sowie der Dicke des LCL. Das ausgearbeitete physiologische Erscheinungsbild wichtiger anatomischer Strukturen der Ellbogenregion bei K\u00e4lbern und K\u00fchen bietet die Grundlage f\u00fcr die Beurteilung pathologischer Prozesse dieser Region.<\/p>

Schl\u00fcsselw\u00f6rter<\/span>
Ultraschall, Rind, Gelenk, Kollateralband, Knorpel, Knochen<\/p>","categories":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","Abostufe BMTW","Fachartikel"],"fromDate":"Sep 9, 2015 10:00:00 PM","oldUrls":["http:\/\/vetline.de\/ultrasonographic-examination-of-the-elbow-region-in-calves-and-cows-normal-appearance\/150\/3130\/89940"],"doiLanguage":"englisch","doiProductFormat":"online","doiPublisher":"Schl\u00fctersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG","doiSerialWorkTitle":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift ","doiDocumentUri":"http:\/\/www.vetline.de\/ultrasonographic-examination-of-the-elbow-region-in-calves-and-cows-normal-appearance\/150\/3130\/89940\/","doiSource":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift 128, Heft 9\/10 (2015), Seiten 416\u2013424","doiissn":"0005-9366","doiNr":"10.2376\/0005-9366-128-416","doiFirstPage":"416","doiLastPage":"424","doiTransmitted":true,"doiAuthor":"Borges N, Weissengruber G, Huber J, Kofler J","pdf":{"path":"http:\/\/data\/BMW_2015_09_10_0416.pdf","title":"BMW_2015_09_10_0416.pdf","description":"Ultrasonographic examination of the elbow region in calves and cows \u2013 normal appearance"},"authors":[{"firstName":"N","middleName":"","lastName":"Borges"},{"firstName":"G","middleName":"","lastName":"Weissengruber"},{"firstName":"J","middleName":"","lastName":"Huber"},{"firstName":"J","middleName":"","lastName":"Kofler"}],"contentOptimised":"

Summary<\/strong>
The present study describes the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow region in healthy Holstein Friesian calves (n = 12) and Holstein Friesian cows (n = 12). Using 7.5 MHz linear and 5.0 MHz convex probes the ultrasonographic appearance and dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), joint pouch (JP), joint capsule (JC), joint space, vessels, muscles, bursa, bone surface, growth plate, articular and apophyseal cartilage were studied and measured. The exam started on the lateral aspect by identification of the LCL and continued to cranial, medial and caudal sides. The diameter of the LCL ranged between 9.2\u201318.1 mm in cows and 1.7\u20138.3 mm in calves. The caudo-lateral JP was easily imaged at the level of the humero-radioulnar joint caudal of the LCL, however the cranial JP was hardly or not visualized. Experimental injection of 20\u2013\ufeff0 ml of water post-mortem produced a clear distension and imaging of the joint pouch. Eleven muscles of the elbow region were distinguished in calves and seven in cows. Positive correlations were noticed between the age and the body weight (BW) with all parameters measured in calves. However, in cows, the BW correlated with the skin\u2013bone surface distance and the thickness of the LCL only. It is concluded that ultrasonography allowed consistent imaging of the normal anatomical structures of the elbow region in calves and cows, giving reference values for the evaluation of pathological alterations.<\/p>

Keywords:<\/strong>
ultrasound, cattle, joint, collateral ligament, cartilage, bone<\/p>

Zusammenfassung<\/strong>
Die Studie beschreibt die sonografische Darstellung der Strukturen der Ellbogenregion bei gesunden Holstein-Friesian K\u00e4lbern (n = 12) und K\u00fchen (n = 12). Mithilfe eines 7,5 MHz Linear- und eines 5 MHz Konvexschallkopfes wurden das sonografische Erscheinungsbild und die Dimensionen des lateralen (LCL) und des medialen Kollateralbandes (MCL), der Gelenkrezessus (JP), der Gelenkkapsel (JC), des Gelenkspaltes, von Gef\u00e4\u00dfen, Muskeln, Schleimbeuteln, Knochenkonturen, Wachstumsfugen sowie des Gelenkknorpels und des apophys\u00e4ren Knorpels untersucht bzw. gemessen. Die sonografische Untersuchung startete an der lateralen Seite mit der Identifizierung des LCL, und setzte sich dann an der kranialen, medialen und kaudalen Seite fort. Der Durchmesser des LCL variierte von 9,2\u201318,1 mm bei den K\u00fchen und von 1,7\u20138,3 mm bei den K\u00e4lbern. Der kaudolaterale Gelenkrezessus konnte auf H\u00f6he des Gelenkspaltes kaudal des LCL gut dargestellt werden, hingegen lie\u00df sich der kraniale Gelenkrezessus kaum differenzieren. Die experimentelle F\u00fcllung des Ellbogengelenkes post mortem mit 20\u2013\ufeff0 ml Wasser f\u00fchrte zu einer deutlichen Aufweitung und Darstellung der Rezessus. In der Ellbogenregion konnten bei K\u00e4lbern elf Muskeln und bei K\u00fchen sieben Muskel sonografisch differenziert werden. Positive Korrelationen wurden zwischen Alter und K\u00f6rpergewicht (BW) mit allen Messwerten bei K\u00e4lbern berechnet, bei K\u00fchen hingegen nur zwischen dem K\u00f6rpergewicht und der Haut-Knochendistanz sowie der Dicke des LCL. Das ausgearbeitete physiologische Erscheinungsbild wichtiger anatomischer Strukturen der Ellbogenregion bei K\u00e4lbern und K\u00fchen bietet die Grundlage f\u00fcr die Beurteilung pathologischer Prozesse dieser Region.<\/p>

Schl\u00fcsselw\u00f6rter:<\/strong>
Ultraschall, Rind, Gelenk, Kollateralband, Knorpel, Knochen<\/p>","primaryLanguage":"englisch","summary":"The present study describes the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow region in healthy Holstein Friesian calves (n = 12) and Holstein Friesian cows (n = 12). Using 7.5 MHz linear and 5.0 MHz convex probes the ultrasonographic appearance and dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), joint pouch (JP), joint capsule (JC), joint space, vessels, muscles, bursa, bone surface, growth plate, articular and apophyseal cartilage were studied and measured. The exam started on the lateral aspect by identification of the LCL and continued to cranial, medial and caudal sides. The diameter of the LCL ranged between 9.2\u201318.1 mm in cows and 1.7\u20138.3 mm in calves. The caudo-lateral JP was easily imaged at the level of the humero-radioulnar joint caudal of the LCL, however the cranial JP was hardly or not visualized. Experimental injection of 20\u2013\ufeff0 ml of water post-mortem produced a clear distension and imaging of the joint pouch. Eleven muscles of the elbow region were distinguished in calves and seven in cows. Positive correlations were noticed between the age and the body weight (BW) with all parameters measured in calves. However, in cows, the BW correlated with the skin\u2013bone surface distance and the thickness of the LCL only. It is concluded that ultrasonography allowed consistent imaging of the normal anatomical structures of the elbow region in calves and cows, giving reference values for the evaluation of pathological alterations.<\/p>

","keywords":["ultrasound","cattle","joint","collateral ligament","cartilage","bone"],"zusammenfassung":"Die Studie beschreibt die sonografische Darstellung der Strukturen der Ellbogenregion bei gesunden Holstein-Friesian K\u00e4lbern (n = 12) und K\u00fchen (n = 12). Mithilfe eines 7,5 MHz Linear- und eines 5 MHz Konvexschallkopfes wurden das sonografische Erscheinungsbild und die Dimensionen des lateralen (LCL) und des medialen Kollateralbandes (MCL), der Gelenkrezessus (JP), der Gelenkkapsel (JC), des Gelenkspaltes, von Gef\u00e4\u00dfen, Muskeln, Schleimbeuteln, Knochenkonturen, Wachstumsfugen sowie des Gelenkknorpels und des apophys\u00e4ren Knorpels untersucht bzw. gemessen. Die sonografische Untersuchung startete an der lateralen Seite mit der Identifizierung des LCL, und setzte sich dann an der kranialen, medialen und kaudalen Seite fort. Der Durchmesser des LCL variierte von 9,2\u201318,1 mm bei den K\u00fchen und von 1,7\u20138,3 mm bei den K\u00e4lbern. Der kaudolaterale Gelenkrezessus konnte auf H\u00f6he des Gelenkspaltes kaudal des LCL gut dargestellt werden, hingegen lie\u00df sich der kraniale Gelenkrezessus kaum differenzieren. Die experimentelle F\u00fcllung des Ellbogengelenkes post mortem mit 20\u2013\ufeff0 ml Wasser f\u00fchrte zu einer deutlichen Aufweitung und Darstellung der Rezessus. In der Ellbogenregion konnten bei K\u00e4lbern elf Muskeln und bei K\u00fchen sieben Muskel sonografisch differenziert werden. Positive Korrelationen wurden zwischen Alter und K\u00f6rpergewicht (BW) mit allen Messwerten bei K\u00e4lbern berechnet, bei K\u00fchen hingegen nur zwischen dem K\u00f6rpergewicht und der Haut-Knochendistanz sowie der Dicke des LCL. Das ausgearbeitete physiologische Erscheinungsbild wichtiger anatomischer Strukturen der Ellbogenregion bei K\u00e4lbern und K\u00fchen bietet die Grundlage f\u00fcr die Beurteilung pathologischer Prozesse dieser Region.<\/p>

","schluesselwoerter":["Ultraschall","Rind","Gelenk","Kollateralband","Knorpel","Knochen"],"translatedTitle":"Ultraschalluntersuchung der Ellenbogenregion bei K\u00e4lbern und K\u00fchen \u2013 physiologisches Erscheinungsbild","abstractE":"The present study describes the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow region in healthy Holstein Friesian calves (n = 12) and Holstein Friesian cows (n = 12). Using 7.5 MHz linear and 5.0 MHz convex probes the ultrasonographic appearance and dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), joint pouch (JP), joint capsule (JC), joint space, vessels, muscles, bursa, bone surface, growth plate, articular and apophyseal cartilage were studied and measured. The exam started on the lateral aspect by identification of the LCL and continued to cranial, medial and caudal sides. The diameter of the LCL ranged between 9.2\u201318.1 mm in cows and 1.7\u20138.3 mm in calves. The caudo-lateral JP was easily imaged at the level of the humero-radioulnar joint caudal of the LCL, however the cranial JP was hardly or not visualized. Experimental injection of 20\u2013\ufeff0 ml of water post-mortem produced a clear distension and imaging of the joint pouch. Eleven muscles of the elbow region were distinguished in calves and seven in cows. Positive correlations were noticed between the age and the body weight (BW) with all parameters measured in calves. However, in cows, the BW correlated with the skin\u2013bone surface distance and the thickness of the LCL only. It is concluded that ultrasonography allowed consistent imaging of the normal anatomical structures of the elbow region in calves and cows, giving reference values for the evaluation of pathological alterations.","date":{"year":2015,"date":"09\/2015","accepted":"2015-09-09"},"volume":"128","openAccess":false,"journal":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","titleImageId":944,"pages":"416-424","redirects":["ultrasonographic-examination-of-the-elbow-region-in-calves-and-cows-normal-appearance\/150\/3130\/89940"],"tierartCategories":[],"artikelartCategories":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","Abostufe BMTW","Fachartikel"]} CY - Hannover DA - 09/2015 DO - 10.2376/0005-9366-128-416 ET - 9/10 LA - English N2 - The present study describes the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow region in healthy Holstein Friesian calves (n = 12) and Holstein Friesian cows (n = 12). Using 7.5 MHz linear and 5.0 MHz convex probes the ultrasonographic appearance and dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), joint pouch (JP), joint capsule (JC), joint space, vessels, muscles, bursa, bone surface, growth plate, articular and apophyseal cartilage were studied and measured. The exam started on the lateral aspect by identification of the LCL and continued to cranial, medial and caudal sides. The diameter of the LCL ranged between 9.2–18.1 mm in cows and 1.7–8.3 mm in calves. The caudo-lateral JP was easily imaged at the level of the humero-radioulnar joint caudal of the LCL, however the cranial JP was hardly or not visualized. Experimental injection of 20–0 ml of water post-mortem produced a clear distension and imaging of the joint pouch. Eleven muscles of the elbow region were distinguished in calves and seven in cows. Positive correlations were noticed between the age and the body weight (BW) with all parameters measured in calves. However, in cows, the BW correlated with the skin–bone surface distance and the thickness of the LCL only. It is concluded that ultrasonography allowed consistent imaging of the normal anatomical structures of the elbow region in calves and cows, giving reference values for the evaluation of pathological alterations. PB - Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG PP - Hannover PY - 2015 SP - 416 EP - 424 T1 - Ultrasonographic examination of the elbow region in calves and cows – normal appearance T2 - Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift TI - Ultrasonographic examination of the elbow region in calves and cows – normal appearance TT - Ultraschalluntersuchung der Ellenbogenregion bei Kälbern und Kühen – physiologisches Erscheinungsbild VL - 128 SN - 0005-9366 ER -