TY - JOUR KW - horse KW - cathartics KW - gastric emptying KW - Acetaminophen AU - A Snyder AU - G Koeller AU - B Seiwert AU - G Abraham AU - G Schusser AB - The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with caecal or large colon impaction. To reach the large intestinal contents and resolve the impaction, laxatives must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine. The aim of this study was to prove whether isotonic solutions of saline cathartics do not affect gastric emptying rate in contrast to hypertonic solutions. Six, fasted, healthy, adult Warmblood horses were used in a randomized study design with 1.8% sodium sulfate (1.8% Na2SO4), 4.2% magnesium sulfate (4.2% MgSO4, 25% sodium sulfate (25% Na2SO4), 25% magnesium sulfate (25% MgSO4) and water at either 20 ml/kg BW (Water 20) or 4 ml/kg BW (Water 4), administered via nasogastric intubation. For indirect measurement of liquid-phase gastric emptying, the liquid-phase passage marker acetaminophen (20 mg/kg BW in 200 ml water) was added to each trial. Serum samples were collected at predetermined time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. The time to reach maximum serum concentration (Tmax) was considered as gastric emptying rate. Compared to Water 4, Tmax of 25% Na2SO4 and 25% MgSO4 was reached significantly later, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of acetaminophen was significantly lower and the area under the curve determined up to 90 min (AUC90) was significantly smaller. Isotonic solutions of saline cathartics (1.8% Na2SO4, 4.2% MgSO4) did not influence the gastric emptying rate. Hypertonic solutions of saline cathartics (25% Na2SO4, 25% MgSO4) significantly delayed the gastric emptying rate. BT - Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift C1 - {"oldId":78682,"title":"Influence of laxatives on gastric emptying in healthy Warmblood horses evaluated with the Acetaminophen absorption test","topline":"","teaserText":"Einfluss von Laxanzien auf die Magenentleerung gesunder Warmblutpferde, untersucht mithilfe des Acetaminophenresorptionstestes","content":"

Summary<\/span>
The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with caecal or large colon impaction. To reach the large intestinal contents and resolve the impaction, laxatives must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine. The aim of this study was to prove whether isotonic solutions of saline cathartics do not affect gastric emptying rate in contrast to hypertonic solutions. Six, fasted, healthy, adult Warmblood horses were used in a randomized study design with 1.8% sodium sulfate (1.8% Na2<\/span>SO4<\/span>), 4.2% magnesium sulfate (4.2% MgSO4<\/span>, 25% sodium sulfate (25% Na2<\/span>SO4<\/span>), 25% magnesium sulfate (25% MgSO4<\/span>) and water at either 20 ml\/kg BW (Water 20) or 4 ml\/kg BW (Water 4), administered via nasogastric intubation. For indirect measurement of liquid-phase gastric emptying, the liquid-phase passage marker acetaminophen (20 mg\/kg BW in 200 ml water) was added to each trial. Serum samples were collected at predetermined time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. The time to reach maximum serum concentration (Tmax<\/span>) was considered as gastric emptying rate. Compared to Water 4, Tmax<\/span> of 25% Na2<\/span>SO4<\/span> and 25% MgSO4<\/span> was reached significantly later, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax<\/span>) of acetaminophen was significantly lower and the area under the curve determined up to 90 min (AUC90<\/span>) was significantly smaller. Isotonic solutions of saline cathartics (1.8% Na2<\/span>SO4<\/span>, 4.2% MgSO4<\/span>) did not influence the gastric emptying rate. Hypertonic solutions of saline cathartics (25% Na2<\/span>SO4<\/span>, 25% MgSO4<\/span>) significantly delayed the gastric emptying rate. <\/p>

Keywords<\/span>
Horse, cathartics, gastric emptying, Acetaminophen<\/p>

Zusammenfassung<\/span>
Der Einsatz von Laxanzien stellt einen wesentlichen Teil der konservativen Therapie von Obstipationen des Z\u00e4kums und des gro\u00dfen Kolons bei Pferden dar. Um die eingetrocknete Dickdarmingesta zu erreichen und die Obstipation aufzul\u00f6sen, muss das Laxans den Magen verlassen und den D\u00fcnndarm passieren. Ziel dieser Studie war es, zu \u00fcberpr\u00fcfen, ob isotone L\u00f6sungen salinischer Abf\u00fchrmittel die Magenentleerungszeit unbeeinflusst lassen, im Unterschied zu hypertonen L\u00f6sungen. Sechs n\u00fcchterne, gesunde, adulte Warmblutpferde wurden einbezogen in diese randomisierte Studie mit 1,8%iger Natriumsulfatl\u00f6sung (1,8 % Na2<\/span>SO4<\/span>), 4,2%iger Magnesiumsulfatl\u00f6sung (4,2 % MgSO4<\/span>), 25%iger Natriumsulfatl\u00f6sung (25 % Na2<\/span>SO4<\/span>), 25%iger Magnesiumsulfatl\u00f6sung (25 % MgSO4<\/span>) und Wasser, entweder zu 20 ml\/kg K\u00f6rpergewicht (Wasser 20) oder zu 4 ml\/kg K\u00f6rpergewicht (Wasser 4), verabreicht \u00fcber eine Nasenschlundsonde. Zur indirekten Messung der Magenentleerung von Fl\u00fcssigkeiten wurde der Fl\u00fcssigkeits-Passagemarker Acetaminophen (20 mg\/kg K\u00f6rpergewicht in 200 ml Wasser) jedem Protokoll zugef\u00fcgt. F\u00fcr die pharmakologische Analyse wurden Serumproben zu festgelegten Zeitpunkten entnommen. Die Zeit bis zum Erreichen der maximalen Serumkonzentration (Tmax<\/span>) wurde als Magenentleerungszeit angesehen. Im Vergleich zu Wasser 4 wurde die Tmax<\/span> von 25 % Na2<\/span>SO4<\/span> und 25 % MgSO4<\/span> signifikant sp\u00e4ter erreicht, die maximale Serumkonzentration (Cmax<\/span>) von Acetaminophen war signifikant niedriger und die Fl\u00e4che unter der Kurve von 0 bis 90 min (AUC90<\/span>) war signifikant kleiner. Isotone L\u00f6sungen salinischer Laxanzien (1,8 % Na2<\/span>SO4<\/span>, 4,2 % MgSO4<\/span>) beeinflussten die Magenentleerungszeit nicht. Hypertone L\u00f6sungen salinischer Abf\u00fchrmittel (25 % Na2<\/span>SO4<\/span>, 25 % MgSO4<\/span>) verursachen eine signifikante Verz\u00f6gerung der Magenentleerungszeit.<\/p>

Schl\u00fcsselworter<\/span>
Pferd, Laxanzien, Magenentleerung, Acetaminophen<\/p>","categories":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","Abostufe BMTW","Fachartikel"],"fromDate":"May 9, 2014 10:00:00 PM","oldUrls":["http:\/\/vetline.de\/influence-of-laxatives-on-gastric-emptying-in-healthy-warmblood-horses-evaluated-with-the-acetaminophen-absorption-test\/150\/3130\/78682"],"doiLanguage":"englisch","doiProductFormat":"online","doiPublisher":"Schl\u00fctersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG","doiSerialWorkTitle":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","doiDocumentUri":"http:\/\/vetline.de\/influence-of-laxatives-on-gastric-emptying-in-healthy-warmblood-horses-evaluated-with-the-acetaminophen-absorption-test\/150\/3130\/78682\/","doiSource":"Berl M\u00fcnch Tier\u00e4rztl Wochenschr 127, 170\u2013175 (2014)","doiissn":"0005-9366","doiNr":"10.2376\/0005-9366-127-170","doiFirstPage":"170","doiLastPage":"175","doiTransmitted":true,"doiAuthor":"Snyder A, Koeller G, Seiwert B, Abraham G, Schusser Fritz G","pdf":{"path":"http:\/\/data\/BMTW_2014_03_0170.pdf.pdf","title":"BMTW_2014_03_0170.pdf","description":"Influence of laxatives on gastric emptying in healthy Warmblood horses evaluated with the Acetaminophen absorption test"},"authors":[{"firstName":"A","middleName":"","lastName":"Snyder"},{"firstName":"G","middleName":"","lastName":"Koeller"},{"firstName":"B","middleName":"","lastName":"Seiwert"},{"firstName":"G","middleName":"","lastName":"Abraham"},{"firstName":"G","middleName":"","lastName":"Schusser Fritz"}],"contentOptimised":"

Summary<\/strong>
The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with caecal or large colon impaction. To reach the large intestinal contents and resolve the impaction, laxatives must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine. The aim of this study was to prove whether isotonic solutions of saline cathartics do not affect gastric emptying rate in contrast to hypertonic solutions. Six, fasted, healthy, adult Warmblood horses were used in a randomized study design with 1.8% sodium sulfate (1.8% Na2SO4), 4.2% magnesium sulfate (4.2% MgSO4, 25% sodium sulfate (25% Na2SO4), 25% magnesium sulfate (25% MgSO4) and water at either 20 ml\/kg BW (Water 20) or 4 ml\/kg BW (Water 4), administered via nasogastric intubation. For indirect measurement of liquid-phase gastric emptying, the liquid-phase passage marker acetaminophen (20 mg\/kg BW in 200 ml water) was added to each trial. Serum samples were collected at predetermined time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. The time to reach maximum serum concentration (Tmax) was considered as gastric emptying rate. Compared to Water 4, Tmax of 25% Na2SO4 and 25% MgSO4 was reached significantly later, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of acetaminophen was significantly lower and the area under the curve determined up to 90 min (AUC90) was significantly smaller. Isotonic solutions of saline cathartics (1.8% Na2SO4, 4.2% MgSO4) did not influence the gastric emptying rate. Hypertonic solutions of saline cathartics (25% Na2SO4, 25% MgSO4) significantly delayed the gastric emptying rate. <\/p>

Keywords:<\/strong>
Horse, cathartics, gastric emptying, Acetaminophen<\/p>

Zusammenfassung<\/strong>
Der Einsatz von Laxanzien stellt einen wesentlichen Teil der konservativen Therapie von Obstipationen des Z\u00e4kums und des gro\u00dfen Kolons bei Pferden dar. Um die eingetrocknete Dickdarmingesta zu erreichen und die Obstipation aufzul\u00f6sen, muss das Laxans den Magen verlassen und den D\u00fcnndarm passieren. Ziel dieser Studie war es, zu \u00fcberpr\u00fcfen, ob isotone L\u00f6sungen salinischer Abf\u00fchrmittel die Magenentleerungszeit unbeeinflusst lassen, im Unterschied zu hypertonen L\u00f6sungen. Sechs n\u00fcchterne, gesunde, adulte Warmblutpferde wurden einbezogen in diese randomisierte Studie mit 1,8%iger Natriumsulfatl\u00f6sung (1,8 % Na2SO4), 4,2%iger Magnesiumsulfatl\u00f6sung (4,2 % MgSO4), 25%iger Natriumsulfatl\u00f6sung (25 % Na2SO4), 25%iger Magnesiumsulfatl\u00f6sung (25 % MgSO4) und Wasser, entweder zu 20 ml\/kg K\u00f6rpergewicht (Wasser 20) oder zu 4 ml\/kg K\u00f6rpergewicht (Wasser 4), verabreicht \u00fcber eine Nasenschlundsonde. Zur indirekten Messung der Magenentleerung von Fl\u00fcssigkeiten wurde der Fl\u00fcssigkeits-Passagemarker Acetaminophen (20 mg\/kg K\u00f6rpergewicht in 200 ml Wasser) jedem Protokoll zugef\u00fcgt. F\u00fcr die pharmakologische Analyse wurden Serumproben zu festgelegten Zeitpunkten entnommen. Die Zeit bis zum Erreichen der maximalen Serumkonzentration (Tmax) wurde als Magenentleerungszeit angesehen. Im Vergleich zu Wasser 4 wurde die Tmax von 25 % Na2SO4 und 25 % MgSO4 signifikant sp\u00e4ter erreicht, die maximale Serumkonzentration (Cmax) von Acetaminophen war signifikant niedriger und die Fl\u00e4che unter der Kurve von 0 bis 90 min (AUC90) war signifikant kleiner. Isotone L\u00f6sungen salinischer Laxanzien (1,8 % Na2SO4, 4,2 % MgSO4) beeinflussten die Magenentleerungszeit nicht. Hypertone L\u00f6sungen salinischer Abf\u00fchrmittel (25 % Na2SO4, 25 % MgSO4) verursachen eine signifikante Verz\u00f6gerung der Magenentleerungszeit.<\/p>

Schl\u00fcsselworter<\/strong>
Pferd, Laxanzien, Magenentleerung, Acetaminophen<\/p>","primaryLanguage":"englisch","summary":"The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with caecal or large colon impaction. To reach the large intestinal contents and resolve the impaction, laxatives must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine. The aim of this study was to prove whether isotonic solutions of saline cathartics do not affect gastric emptying rate in contrast to hypertonic solutions. Six, fasted, healthy, adult Warmblood horses were used in a randomized study design with 1.8% sodium sulfate (1.8% Na2SO4), 4.2% magnesium sulfate (4.2% MgSO4, 25% sodium sulfate (25% Na2SO4), 25% magnesium sulfate (25% MgSO4) and water at either 20 ml\/kg BW (Water 20) or 4 ml\/kg BW (Water 4), administered via nasogastric intubation. For indirect measurement of liquid-phase gastric emptying, the liquid-phase passage marker acetaminophen (20 mg\/kg BW in 200 ml water) was added to each trial. Serum samples were collected at predetermined time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. The time to reach maximum serum concentration (Tmax) was considered as gastric emptying rate. Compared to Water 4, Tmax of 25% Na2SO4 and 25% MgSO4 was reached significantly later, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of acetaminophen was significantly lower and the area under the curve determined up to 90 min (AUC90) was significantly smaller. Isotonic solutions of saline cathartics (1.8% Na2SO4, 4.2% MgSO4) did not influence the gastric emptying rate. Hypertonic solutions of saline cathartics (25% Na2SO4, 25% MgSO4) significantly delayed the gastric emptying rate. <\/p>

","keywords":["Horse","cathartics","gastric emptying","Acetaminophen"],"zusammenfassung":"Der Einsatz von Laxanzien stellt einen wesentlichen Teil der konservativen Therapie von Obstipationen des Z\u00e4kums und des gro\u00dfen Kolons bei Pferden dar. Um die eingetrocknete Dickdarmingesta zu erreichen und die Obstipation aufzul\u00f6sen, muss das Laxans den Magen verlassen und den D\u00fcnndarm passieren. Ziel dieser Studie war es, zu \u00fcberpr\u00fcfen, ob isotone L\u00f6sungen salinischer Abf\u00fchrmittel die Magenentleerungszeit unbeeinflusst lassen, im Unterschied zu hypertonen L\u00f6sungen. Sechs n\u00fcchterne, gesunde, adulte Warmblutpferde wurden einbezogen in diese randomisierte Studie mit 1,8%iger Natriumsulfatl\u00f6sung (1,8 % Na2SO4), 4,2%iger Magnesiumsulfatl\u00f6sung (4,2 % MgSO4), 25%iger Natriumsulfatl\u00f6sung (25 % Na2SO4), 25%iger Magnesiumsulfatl\u00f6sung (25 % MgSO4) und Wasser, entweder zu 20 ml\/kg K\u00f6rpergewicht (Wasser 20) oder zu 4 ml\/kg K\u00f6rpergewicht (Wasser 4), verabreicht \u00fcber eine Nasenschlundsonde. Zur indirekten Messung der Magenentleerung von Fl\u00fcssigkeiten wurde der Fl\u00fcssigkeits-Passagemarker Acetaminophen (20 mg\/kg K\u00f6rpergewicht in 200 ml Wasser) jedem Protokoll zugef\u00fcgt. F\u00fcr die pharmakologische Analyse wurden Serumproben zu festgelegten Zeitpunkten entnommen. Die Zeit bis zum Erreichen der maximalen Serumkonzentration (Tmax) wurde als Magenentleerungszeit angesehen. Im Vergleich zu Wasser 4 wurde die Tmax von 25 % Na2SO4 und 25 % MgSO4 signifikant sp\u00e4ter erreicht, die maximale Serumkonzentration (Cmax) von Acetaminophen war signifikant niedriger und die Fl\u00e4che unter der Kurve von 0 bis 90 min (AUC90) war signifikant kleiner. Isotone L\u00f6sungen salinischer Laxanzien (1,8 % Na2SO4, 4,2 % MgSO4) beeinflussten die Magenentleerungszeit nicht. Hypertone L\u00f6sungen salinischer Abf\u00fchrmittel (25 % Na2SO4, 25 % MgSO4) verursachen eine signifikante Verz\u00f6gerung der Magenentleerungszeit.<\/p>

Schl\u00fcsselworter<\/strong>
Pferd, Laxanzien, Magenentleerung, Acetaminophen<\/p>","translatedTitle":"Einfluss von Laxanzien auf die Magenentleerung gesunder Warmblutpferde, untersucht mithilfe des Acetaminophenresorptionstestes","abstractE":"The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with caecal or large colon impaction. To reach the large intestinal contents and resolve the impaction, laxatives must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine. The aim of this study was to prove whether isotonic solutions of saline cathartics do not affect gastric emptying rate in contrast to hypertonic solutions. Six, fasted, healthy, adult Warmblood horses were used in a randomized study design with 1.8% sodium sulfate (1.8% Na2SO4), 4.2% magnesium sulfate (4.2% MgSO4, 25% sodium sulfate (25% Na2SO4), 25% magnesium sulfate (25% MgSO4) and water at either 20 ml\/kg BW (Water 20) or 4 ml\/kg BW (Water 4), administered via nasogastric intubation. For indirect measurement of liquid-phase gastric emptying, the liquid-phase passage marker acetaminophen (20 mg\/kg BW in 200 ml water) was added to each trial. Serum samples were collected at predetermined time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. The time to reach maximum serum concentration (Tmax) was considered as gastric emptying rate. Compared to Water 4, Tmax of 25% Na2SO4 and 25% MgSO4 was reached significantly later, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of acetaminophen was significantly lower and the area under the curve determined up to 90 min (AUC90) was significantly smaller. Isotonic solutions of saline cathartics (1.8% Na2SO4, 4.2% MgSO4) did not influence the gastric emptying rate. Hypertonic solutions of saline cathartics (25% Na2SO4, 25% MgSO4) significantly delayed the gastric emptying rate. ","date":{"year":2014,"date":"05\/2014","accepted":"2014-05-09"},"volume":"127","openAccess":false,"journal":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","titleImageId":944,"pages":"170-175","redirects":["influence-of-laxatives-on-gastric-emptying-in-healthy-warmblood-horses-evaluated-with-the-acetaminophen-absorption-test\/150\/3130\/78682"],"tierartCategories":[],"artikelartCategories":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","Abostufe BMTW","Fachartikel"]} CY - Hannover DA - 05/2014 DO - 10.2376/0005-9366-127-170 LA - English N2 - The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with caecal or large colon impaction. To reach the large intestinal contents and resolve the impaction, laxatives must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine. The aim of this study was to prove whether isotonic solutions of saline cathartics do not affect gastric emptying rate in contrast to hypertonic solutions. Six, fasted, healthy, adult Warmblood horses were used in a randomized study design with 1.8% sodium sulfate (1.8% Na2SO4), 4.2% magnesium sulfate (4.2% MgSO4, 25% sodium sulfate (25% Na2SO4), 25% magnesium sulfate (25% MgSO4) and water at either 20 ml/kg BW (Water 20) or 4 ml/kg BW (Water 4), administered via nasogastric intubation. For indirect measurement of liquid-phase gastric emptying, the liquid-phase passage marker acetaminophen (20 mg/kg BW in 200 ml water) was added to each trial. Serum samples were collected at predetermined time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. The time to reach maximum serum concentration (Tmax) was considered as gastric emptying rate. Compared to Water 4, Tmax of 25% Na2SO4 and 25% MgSO4 was reached significantly later, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of acetaminophen was significantly lower and the area under the curve determined up to 90 min (AUC90) was significantly smaller. Isotonic solutions of saline cathartics (1.8% Na2SO4, 4.2% MgSO4) did not influence the gastric emptying rate. Hypertonic solutions of saline cathartics (25% Na2SO4, 25% MgSO4) significantly delayed the gastric emptying rate. PB - Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG PP - Hannover PY - 2014 SP - 170 EP - 175 T1 - Influence of laxatives on gastric emptying in healthy Warmblood horses evaluated with the Acetaminophen absorption test T2 - Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift TI - Influence of laxatives on gastric emptying in healthy Warmblood horses evaluated with the Acetaminophen absorption test TT - Einfluss von Laxanzien auf die Magenentleerung gesunder Warmblutpferde, untersucht mithilfe des Acetaminophenresorptionstestes VL - 127 SN - 0005-9366 ER -