TY - JOUR KW - disinfection KW - bacteria KW - MIC KW - qualitative suspension test KW - carrier test AU - F Geber AU - M Reinhardt AU - M Kreuz AU - C Cuny AU - Y Pfeifer AU - U Truyen AU - S Speck AB - The efficacy of Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, glutaraldehyde, and ethanol against multidrug-resistant bacteria was assessed in a comprehensive three-step test series according to the guidelines of the German Veterinary Society. Bacteriostatic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and bactericidal concentrations were determined by broth macro-dilution, qualitative suspension tests and practical tests on stainless steel carriers without mechanical action. We examined whether the test method influences outcome with regard to bacterial biocide susceptibility or resistance. Marked differences in efficacious concentrations were noticed as a function of the test method and disinfectant applied resulting in increasing or decreasing values. This was most obvious for BAC as bactericidal values obtained by qualitative suspension tests were up to 100 times higher as compared to MICs whereas practical test results exceeded MICs 1,500-fold at maximum. Moreover, incubation time had a significant influence on bactericidal potency in practical tests. The effect of organic soiling on bactericidal concentrations was most striking for BAC and sodium hypochlorite. Our results underline that MIC determination and qualitative suspension tests are insufficient approaches to evaluate biocide susceptibility or resistance considerably regarding BAC. This highlights the necessity for standard methods that are suitable to assess biocide resistance for a broad range of disinfectants and allow for comparison between different studies. BT - Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift C1 - {"oldId":110776,"title":"A comparison of different methods to determine disinfectant susceptibility of multidrug-resistant bacteria","topline":"","teaserText":"Ein Vergleich verschiedener Methoden zur Bestimmung der Desinfektionsmittelempfindlichkeit von multiresistenten Bakterien","content":"

Summary<\/span>
The efficacy of Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, glutaraldehyde, and ethanol against multidrug-resistant bacteria was assessed in a comprehensive three-step test series according to the guidelines of the German Veterinary Society. Bacteriostatic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and bactericidal concentrations were determined by broth macro-dilution, qualitative suspension tests and practical tests on stainless steel carriers without mechanical action. We examined whether the test method influences outcome with regard to bacterial biocide susceptibility or resistance. Marked differences in efficacious concentrations were noticed as a function of the test method and disinfectant applied resulting in increasing or decreasing values. This was most obvious for BAC as bactericidal values obtained by qualitative suspension tests were up to 100 times higher as compared to MICs whereas practical test results exceeded MICs 1,500-fold at maximum. Moreover, incubation time had a significant influence on bactericidal potency in practical tests. The effect of organic soiling on bactericidal concentrations was most striking for BAC and sodium hypochlorite. Our results underline that MIC determination and qualitative suspension tests are insufficient approaches to evaluate biocide susceptibility or resistance considerably regarding BAC. This highlights the necessity for standard methods that are suitable to assess biocide resistance for a broad range of disinfectants and allow for comparison between different studies.<\/p>

Keywords<\/span>
disinfection, bacteria, MIC, qualitative suspension test, carrier test<\/p>

Zusammenfassung<\/span>
Die Wirksamkeit von Benzalkoniumchlorid (BAC), Natriumhypochlorit, Peressigs\u00e4ure, Glutaraldehyd und Ethanol gegen\u00fcber multiresistenten Bakterien wurde in einem dreistufigen Verfahren nach Vorgabe der Deutschen veterin\u00e4rmedizinischen Gesellschaft umfassend untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der bakteriostatischen minimalen Hemmkonzentration (MHK) wurde die Bouillon-Makrodilution eingesetzt, w\u00e4hrend die bakteriziden Konzentrationen mittels qualitativen Suspensionstests und praxisnahen Keimtr\u00e4gertests auf Edelstahlkeimtr\u00e4gern ohne Mechanik ermittelt wurden. Es wurde untersucht, inwiefern das Testverfahren das Ergebnis hinsichtlich der Beurteilung bakterieller Empfindlichkeit oder Resistenz gegen\u00fcber Bioziden beeinflusst. Es ergaben sich ma\u00dfgebliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich der wirksamen Konzentration, die in Abh\u00e4ngigkeit von der Testmethode und dem Desinfektionsmittel h\u00f6her oder niedriger lagen. Dieses war am deutlichsten f\u00fcr BAC, dessen bakterizide Konzentration im qualitativen Suspensionstest bis zu 100-fach h\u00f6her lag als der MHK-Wert, wohingegen die Ergebnisse des Keimtr\u00e4gertests im Maximum 1.500-fach \u00fcber dem MHK-Wert lagen. Dar\u00fcber hinaus hatte die Inkubationszeit einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die bakterizide Wirksamkeit in den Keimtr\u00e4gertests und der Effekt von organischer Belastung wurde vor allem in den Tests mit BAC und Natriumhypochlorit deutlich. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen, dass MHK-Bestimmung und qualitative Suspensionstests hinsichtlich der Beurteilung, ob Bakterien empfindlich oder Biozid-resistent
sind, vor allem im Hinblick auf BAC ungeeignete Methoden sind. Dieses verdeutlicht, dass geeignete und standardisierte Methoden f\u00fcr die Bestimmung der Empfindlichkeit
oder Resistenz von Bakterien gegen\u00fcber einer breiten Auswahl von Desinfektionsmitteln notwendig sind, die dar\u00fcber hinaus den Vergleich zwischen
verschiedenen Studien erlauben.<\/p>

Schl\u00fcsselw\u00f6rter<\/span>
Desinfektion, Bakterien, MHK, qualitativer Suspensionstest, Keimtr\u00e4gertest<\/p>","categories":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","Abostufe BMTW","Fachartikel"],"fromDate":"Mar 12, 2019 2:44:51 PM","oldUrls":["http:\/\/vetline.de\/a-comparison-of-different-methods-to-determine-disinfectant-susceptibility-of-multidrug-resistant-bacteria\/150\/3130\/110776"],"doiLanguage":"englisch","doiProductFormat":"online","doiPublisher":"Schl\u00fctersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG","doiSerialWorkTitle":"Berl M\u00fcnch Tier\u00e4rztl Wochensch","doiDocumentUri":"https:\/\/vetline.de\/files\/smfiledata\/7\/5\/0\/6\/0\/8\/BMTW_AOP_18047_Speck.pdf","doiSource":"Berl M\u00fcnch Tier\u00e4rztl Wochenschc","doiissn":"0005-9366","doiNr":"10.2376\/0005-9366-18047","doiFirstPage":".","doiLastPage":"..","doiTransmitted":true,"doiAuthor":"Geber F, Reinhardt M, Kreuz M, Cuny C, Pfeifer Y, Truyen U, Speck S","pdf":{"path":"http:\/\/data\/BMTW_AOP_18047_Speck.pdf","title":"BMTW_AOP_18047_Speck","description":"A comparison of different methods to determine disinfectant susceptibility of multidrug-resistant bacteria"},"authors":[{"firstName":"F","middleName":"","lastName":"Geber"},{"firstName":"M","middleName":"","lastName":"Reinhardt"},{"firstName":"M","middleName":"","lastName":"Kreuz"},{"firstName":"C","middleName":"","lastName":"Cuny"},{"firstName":"Y","middleName":"","lastName":"Pfeifer"},{"firstName":"U","middleName":"","lastName":"Truyen"},{"firstName":"S","middleName":"","lastName":"Speck"}],"contentOptimised":"

Summary<\/strong>
The efficacy of Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, glutaraldehyde, and ethanol against multidrug-resistant bacteria was assessed in a comprehensive three-step test series according to the guidelines of the German Veterinary Society. Bacteriostatic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and bactericidal concentrations were determined by broth macro-dilution, qualitative suspension tests and practical tests on stainless steel carriers without mechanical action. We examined whether the test method influences outcome with regard to bacterial biocide susceptibility or resistance. Marked differences in efficacious concentrations were noticed as a function of the test method and disinfectant applied resulting in increasing or decreasing values. This was most obvious for BAC as bactericidal values obtained by qualitative suspension tests were up to 100 times higher as compared to MICs whereas practical test results exceeded MICs 1,500-fold at maximum. Moreover, incubation time had a significant influence on bactericidal potency in practical tests. The effect of organic soiling on bactericidal concentrations was most striking for BAC and sodium hypochlorite. Our results underline that MIC determination and qualitative suspension tests are insufficient approaches to evaluate biocide susceptibility or resistance considerably regarding BAC. This highlights the necessity for standard methods that are suitable to assess biocide resistance for a broad range of disinfectants and allow for comparison between different studies.<\/p>

Keywords:<\/strong>
disinfection, bacteria, MIC, qualitative suspension test, carrier test<\/p>

Zusammenfassung<\/strong>
Die Wirksamkeit von Benzalkoniumchlorid (BAC), Natriumhypochlorit, Peressigs\u00e4ure, Glutaraldehyd und Ethanol gegen\u00fcber multiresistenten Bakterien wurde in einem dreistufigen Verfahren nach Vorgabe der Deutschen veterin\u00e4rmedizinischen Gesellschaft umfassend untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der bakteriostatischen minimalen Hemmkonzentration (MHK) wurde die Bouillon-Makrodilution eingesetzt, w\u00e4hrend die bakteriziden Konzentrationen mittels qualitativen Suspensionstests und praxisnahen Keimtr\u00e4gertests auf Edelstahlkeimtr\u00e4gern ohne Mechanik ermittelt wurden. Es wurde untersucht, inwiefern das Testverfahren das Ergebnis hinsichtlich der Beurteilung bakterieller Empfindlichkeit oder Resistenz gegen\u00fcber Bioziden beeinflusst. Es ergaben sich ma\u00dfgebliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich der wirksamen Konzentration, die in Abh\u00e4ngigkeit von der Testmethode und dem Desinfektionsmittel h\u00f6her oder niedriger lagen. Dieses war am deutlichsten f\u00fcr BAC, dessen bakterizide Konzentration im qualitativen Suspensionstest bis zu 100-fach h\u00f6her lag als der MHK-Wert, wohingegen die Ergebnisse des Keimtr\u00e4gertests im Maximum 1.500-fach \u00fcber dem MHK-Wert lagen. Dar\u00fcber hinaus hatte die Inkubationszeit einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die bakterizide Wirksamkeit in den Keimtr\u00e4gertests und der Effekt von organischer Belastung wurde vor allem in den Tests mit BAC und Natriumhypochlorit deutlich. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen, dass MHK-Bestimmung und qualitative Suspensionstests hinsichtlich der Beurteilung, ob Bakterien empfindlich oder Biozid-resistent
sind, vor allem im Hinblick auf BAC ungeeignete Methoden sind. Dieses verdeutlicht, dass geeignete und standardisierte Methoden f\u00fcr die Bestimmung der Empfindlichkeit
oder Resistenz von Bakterien gegen\u00fcber einer breiten Auswahl von Desinfektionsmitteln notwendig sind, die dar\u00fcber hinaus den Vergleich zwischen
verschiedenen Studien erlauben.<\/p>

Schl\u00fcsselw\u00f6rter:<\/strong>
Desinfektion, Bakterien, MHK, qualitativer Suspensionstest, Keimtr\u00e4gertest<\/p>","primaryLanguage":"englisch","summary":"The efficacy of Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, glutaraldehyde, and ethanol against multidrug-resistant bacteria was assessed in a comprehensive three-step test series according to the guidelines of the German Veterinary Society. Bacteriostatic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and bactericidal concentrations were determined by broth macro-dilution, qualitative suspension tests and practical tests on stainless steel carriers without mechanical action. We examined whether the test method influences outcome with regard to bacterial biocide susceptibility or resistance. Marked differences in efficacious concentrations were noticed as a function of the test method and disinfectant applied resulting in increasing or decreasing values. This was most obvious for BAC as bactericidal values obtained by qualitative suspension tests were up to 100 times higher as compared to MICs whereas practical test results exceeded MICs 1,500-fold at maximum. Moreover, incubation time had a significant influence on bactericidal potency in practical tests. The effect of organic soiling on bactericidal concentrations was most striking for BAC and sodium hypochlorite. Our results underline that MIC determination and qualitative suspension tests are insufficient approaches to evaluate biocide susceptibility or resistance considerably regarding BAC. This highlights the necessity for standard methods that are suitable to assess biocide resistance for a broad range of disinfectants and allow for comparison between different studies.<\/p>

","keywords":["disinfection","bacteria","MIC","qualitative suspension test","carrier test"],"zusammenfassung":"Die Wirksamkeit von Benzalkoniumchlorid (BAC), Natriumhypochlorit, Peressigs\u00e4ure, Glutaraldehyd und Ethanol gegen\u00fcber multiresistenten Bakterien wurde in einem dreistufigen Verfahren nach Vorgabe der Deutschen veterin\u00e4rmedizinischen Gesellschaft umfassend untersucht. Zur Bestimmung der bakteriostatischen minimalen Hemmkonzentration (MHK) wurde die Bouillon-Makrodilution eingesetzt, w\u00e4hrend die bakteriziden Konzentrationen mittels qualitativen Suspensionstests und praxisnahen Keimtr\u00e4gertests auf Edelstahlkeimtr\u00e4gern ohne Mechanik ermittelt wurden. Es wurde untersucht, inwiefern das Testverfahren das Ergebnis hinsichtlich der Beurteilung bakterieller Empfindlichkeit oder Resistenz gegen\u00fcber Bioziden beeinflusst. Es ergaben sich ma\u00dfgebliche Unterschiede hinsichtlich der wirksamen Konzentration, die in Abh\u00e4ngigkeit von der Testmethode und dem Desinfektionsmittel h\u00f6her oder niedriger lagen. Dieses war am deutlichsten f\u00fcr BAC, dessen bakterizide Konzentration im qualitativen Suspensionstest bis zu 100-fach h\u00f6her lag als der MHK-Wert, wohingegen die Ergebnisse des Keimtr\u00e4gertests im Maximum 1.500-fach \u00fcber dem MHK-Wert lagen. Dar\u00fcber hinaus hatte die Inkubationszeit einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die bakterizide Wirksamkeit in den Keimtr\u00e4gertests und der Effekt von organischer Belastung wurde vor allem in den Tests mit BAC und Natriumhypochlorit deutlich. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen, dass MHK-Bestimmung und qualitative Suspensionstests hinsichtlich der Beurteilung, ob Bakterien empfindlich oder Biozid-resistent
sind, vor allem im Hinblick auf BAC ungeeignete Methoden sind. Dieses verdeutlicht, dass geeignete und standardisierte Methoden f\u00fcr die Bestimmung der Empfindlichkeit
oder Resistenz von Bakterien gegen\u00fcber einer breiten Auswahl von Desinfektionsmitteln notwendig sind, die dar\u00fcber hinaus den Vergleich zwischen
verschiedenen Studien erlauben.<\/p>

","schluesselwoerter":["Desinfektion","Bakterien","MHK","qualitativer Suspensionstest","Keimtr\u00e4gertest"],"translatedTitle":"Ein Vergleich verschiedener Methoden zur Bestimmung der Desinfektionsmittelempfindlichkeit von multiresistenten Bakterien","abstractE":"The efficacy of Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, glutaraldehyde, and ethanol against multidrug-resistant bacteria was assessed in a comprehensive three-step test series according to the guidelines of the German Veterinary Society. Bacteriostatic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and bactericidal concentrations were determined by broth macro-dilution, qualitative suspension tests and practical tests on stainless steel carriers without mechanical action. We examined whether the test method influences outcome with regard to bacterial biocide susceptibility or resistance. Marked differences in efficacious concentrations were noticed as a function of the test method and disinfectant applied resulting in increasing or decreasing values. This was most obvious for BAC as bactericidal values obtained by qualitative suspension tests were up to 100 times higher as compared to MICs whereas practical test results exceeded MICs 1,500-fold at maximum. Moreover, incubation time had a significant influence on bactericidal potency in practical tests. The effect of organic soiling on bactericidal concentrations was most striking for BAC and sodium hypochlorite. Our results underline that MIC determination and qualitative suspension tests are insufficient approaches to evaluate biocide susceptibility or resistance considerably regarding BAC. This highlights the necessity for standard methods that are suitable to assess biocide resistance for a broad range of disinfectants and allow for comparison between different studies.","date":{"year":2019,"date":"03\/2019","accepted":"2019-03-12"},"volume":132,"openAccess":false,"journal":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","titleImageId":944,"pages":"","redirects":["a-comparison-of-different-methods-to-determine-disinfectant-susceptibility-of-multidrug-resistant-bacteria\/150\/3130\/110776"],"tierartCategories":[],"artikelartCategories":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","Abostufe BMTW","Fachartikel"]} CY - Hannover DA - 03/2019 DO - 10.2376/0005-9366-18047 LA - English N2 - The efficacy of Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, glutaraldehyde, and ethanol against multidrug-resistant bacteria was assessed in a comprehensive three-step test series according to the guidelines of the German Veterinary Society. Bacteriostatic minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and bactericidal concentrations were determined by broth macro-dilution, qualitative suspension tests and practical tests on stainless steel carriers without mechanical action. We examined whether the test method influences outcome with regard to bacterial biocide susceptibility or resistance. Marked differences in efficacious concentrations were noticed as a function of the test method and disinfectant applied resulting in increasing or decreasing values. This was most obvious for BAC as bactericidal values obtained by qualitative suspension tests were up to 100 times higher as compared to MICs whereas practical test results exceeded MICs 1,500-fold at maximum. Moreover, incubation time had a significant influence on bactericidal potency in practical tests. The effect of organic soiling on bactericidal concentrations was most striking for BAC and sodium hypochlorite. Our results underline that MIC determination and qualitative suspension tests are insufficient approaches to evaluate biocide susceptibility or resistance considerably regarding BAC. This highlights the necessity for standard methods that are suitable to assess biocide resistance for a broad range of disinfectants and allow for comparison between different studies. PB - Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG PP - Hannover PY - 2019 T1 - A comparison of different methods to determine disinfectant susceptibility of multidrug-resistant bacteria T2 - Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift TI - A comparison of different methods to determine disinfectant susceptibility of multidrug-resistant bacteria TT - Ein Vergleich verschiedener Methoden zur Bestimmung der Desinfektionsmittelempfindlichkeit von multiresistenten Bakterien VL - 132 SN - 0005-9366 ER -