TY - JOUR AU - E Kaleta AU - K Blanco Pena AU - A Yilmaz AU - T Redmann AU - S Hofheinz AB - Birds of the order Psittaciformes are - besides chickens, turkeys and other birds - also susceptible to infection with avian influenza A viruses (AIV) and succumb follow-ing severe disease within one week. Published data prove that various parakeets, amazons, cockatoos, African grey parrots and budgerigars (genera Barnardius, Psittacula, Cacatua, Eolophus, Amazona, Myiopsitta, Psittacus and Melopsittacus) were found dead following natural infections. Natural infections of highly patho-genic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of the haemagglutinin subtypes H5 and H7 cause severe disease and high rates of mortality. Experimental transmission studies with AIVs of the subtypes H5 and H7 confirm these data. Viruses of the subtypes H3N8, H4N6, H4N8, Hl 1N6 and Hl 1N8 may cause also clinical signsand occasionally losses in naturally infected psittacine birds. Clinica signs and losses were also noted following experimental infection of budgerigars with a H4N6 virus.In the EU and in other countries, vaccination of exposed exotic and rare birds and poultry is a possible and an acceptable measure to provide protection. Currently, the EU Commission accepts inactivated adjuvanted vaccines whereas in some other countries recently developed vector vaccines are applied. However, birds remain susceptible during the time interval between application of any vac-cineand the development of immunity.This critical period can be bridged with antiviral drugs. Our in ovo studies demonstrate that the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir is non-toxic forchicken embryos at concentrations of 0.1,1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg body weight.These dosages prevented entirely the replication ofa HPAIV of the subtype H7N1 when this drug is given shortly priorto, simultaneously or soon after inoculation ofchicken embryos with this AIV. Thus, we speculate that exposed valuable birds such as psittacines at riskcan be successfully treated. BT - Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift C1 - {"oldId":69164,"title":"Avian influenza A viruses in birds of the order Psittaciformes: reports on virus isolations, transmission experiments and vaccinations and initial studies on innocuity and efficacy of oseltamivir in ovo","teaserText":"DOI 10.2377\/0341-6593-114-260","content":"

Summary<\/span>
Birds of the order Psittaciformes are - besides chickens, turkeys and other birds - also susceptible to infection with avian influenza A viruses (AIV) and succumb follow-ing severe disease within one week. Published data prove that various parakeets, amazons, cockatoos, African grey parrots and budgerigars (genera Barnardius, Psittacula, Cacatua, Eolophus, Amazona, Myiopsitta, Psittacus and Melopsittacus) were found dead following natural infections. Natural infections of highly patho-genic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of the haemagglutinin subtypes H5 and H7 cause severe disease and high rates of mortality. Experimental transmission studies with AIVs of the subtypes H5 and H7 confirm these data. Viruses of the subtypes H3N8, H4N6, H4N8, Hl 1N6 and Hl 1N8 may cause also clinical signsand occasionally losses in naturally infected psittacine birds. Clinica signs and losses were also noted following experimental infection of budgerigars with a H4N6 virus.In the EU and in other countries, vaccination of exposed exotic and rare birds and poultry is a possible and an acceptable measure to provide protection. Currently, the EU Commission accepts inactivated adjuvanted vaccines whereas in some other countries recently developed vector vaccines are applied. However, birds remain susceptible during the time interval between application of any vac-cineand the development of immunity.This critical period can be bridged with antiviral drugs. Our in ovo studies demonstrate that the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir is non-toxic forchicken embryos at concentrations of 0.1,1.0 and 10.0 mg\/kg body weight.These dosages prevented entirely the replication ofa HPAIV of the subtype H7N1 when this drug is given shortly priorto, simultaneously or soon after inoculation ofchicken embryos with this AIV. Thus, we speculate that exposed valuable birds such as psittacines at riskcan be successfully treated.


Zusammenfassung<\/span>
V\u00f6gel der Ordnung Psittaciformes sind - neben H\u00fchnern, Puten und anderen Vogelarten -ebenfalls empf\u00e4nglich f\u00fcravi\u00e4re Influenza A-Viren (AIV).Ver\u00f6ffentlichte Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Sittiche, Amazonen, Kakadus, Graupapageien und Wellensittiche (Genera Barnardius, Psittacula, Cacatua, Eolophus, Amazona, Myiopsitta, Psittacus und Melopsittacus) nach nat\u00fcrlichen Infektionen mit AIV erkranken und innerhalb einerWoche nach schwerem Krankheitsverlauf sterben k\u00f6nnen. Hoch pathogene avi\u00e4re Influenza A-Viren (HPAIV) der H\u00e4magglutinin-Subtypen H5 und H7 verursachen schwere Krankheitsverl\u00e4ufe und hohe Mortalit\u00e4tsraten. Experimentelle \u00dcbertragungsversuche mit HPAIV der Subtypen H5 und H7 best\u00e4tigen die Ergebnisse nat\u00fcrlicher Infektionen. Auch AIVs der H\u00e4magglutinin-Subtypen H3N8, H4N6, H4N8, Hl 1N6 und Hl 1N8 k\u00f6nnen ebenfalls Krankheitssymptome und gelegentlich Verluste nach nat\u00fcrlichen Infektionen von Papageien und Sittichen hervorrufen. Klinische Symptome und Todesf\u00e4lle wurden ebenfallsbeobachtet nach experimenteller Infektion von Wellensittichen mit einem H4N6-Virus. Seit kurzem sind in der EU und in anderen L\u00e4ndern AlV-Vakzinationen zum Schutz von seltenen und kostbaren Vogelarten und von besonders exponiertem Hausgefl\u00fcgel m\u00f6glich. Derzeit akzeptiert die EU-Kommission nur inaktivierte, mit Adjuvans versehene Impfstoffe, w\u00e4hrend in nicht-EU-L\u00e4ndern auch neu entwickelte Vektorvakzinen angewendet werden. Allerdings bleiben V\u00f6gel voll empf\u00e4nglich in der Zeit zwischen der Applikation des Impfstoffs und dem Entstehen einer Immunit\u00e4t. Diese kritische Periode k\u00f6nnte \u00fcberbr\u00fcckt werden durch die Verabreichung antiviraler Arzneimittel. Unsere in ot\/o-Untersuchungen zeigen, dass der Neuraminidase-HemmerOseltamivir in Konzentrationen von 0,1,1,0 und 10,0 mg\/kg K\u00f6rpermasse nicht toxisch f\u00fcr H\u00fchnerembryonen ist. Diese Dosierungen haben die\/n-ovo-Vermehrung des HPAIVdes Subtyps H7N1 vollst\u00e4ndig unterbunden, wenn der Wirkstoff entweder kurze Zeit vor, gleichzeitig oder kurze Zeit nach der Virus-Inokulation der Embryonen injiziert wurde. Somit k\u00f6nnen exponierte wertvolle V\u00f6gel, wie es die meisten Papageien und Sittiche sind, erfolgreich vor den Folgen einer AlV-Infektion gesch\u00fctzt werden.<\/p>","categories":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","Abostufe BMTW","Fachartikel"],"fromDate":"Jul 1, 2007 12:00:00 AM","toDate":"Dec 31, 2050 12:00:00 AM","oldUrls":["http:\/\/vetline.de\/aviaeres-influenza-a-virus-voegeln\/150\/3130\/69164"],"doiLanguage":"englisch","doiProductFormat":"Online","doiPublisher":"M. & H. Schaper GmbH","doiSerialWorkTitle":"Dtsch.tier\u00e4rztl.Wschr.","doiDocumentUri":"http:\/\/www.vetline.de\/aviaeres-influenza-a-virus-voegeln\/150\/3130\/69164","doiSource":"Dtsch.tier\u00e4rztl.Wschr. 114: 7, 260-267 (2007)","doiissn":"0341-6593","doiNr":"10.2377\/0341-6593-114-260","doiFirstPage":"260","doiLastPage":"267","doiTransmitted":true,"doiAuthor":"KALETA E F, BLANCO PENA K M, YILMAZ A, REDMANN T, HOFHEINZ S","pdf":{"path":"http:\/\/data\/dtw_2007_07_0260.pdf","title":"dtw_2007_07_0260.pdf","description":"Avian influenza A viruses in birds of the order Psittaciformes: reports on virus isolations, transmission experiments and vaccinations and initial studies on innocuity and efficacy of oseltamivir in ovo

"},"authors":[{"firstName":"K","middleName":"ALETAEF","lastName":""},{"firstName":"B","middleName":"LANCOPENAKM","lastName":""},{"firstName":"Y","middleName":"ILMAZA","lastName":""},{"firstName":"R","middleName":"EDMANNT","lastName":""},{"firstName":"H","middleName":"OFHEINZS","lastName":""}],"contentOptimised":"

Summary<\/strong>
Birds of the order Psittaciformes are - besides chickens, turkeys and other birds - also susceptible to infection with avian influenza A viruses (AIV) and succumb follow-ing severe disease within one week. Published data prove that various parakeets, amazons, cockatoos, African grey parrots and budgerigars (genera Barnardius, Psittacula, Cacatua, Eolophus, Amazona, Myiopsitta, Psittacus and Melopsittacus) were found dead following natural infections. Natural infections of highly patho-genic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of the haemagglutinin subtypes H5 and H7 cause severe disease and high rates of mortality. Experimental transmission studies with AIVs of the subtypes H5 and H7 confirm these data. Viruses of the subtypes H3N8, H4N6, H4N8, Hl 1N6 and Hl 1N8 may cause also clinical signsand occasionally losses in naturally infected psittacine birds. Clinica signs and losses were also noted following experimental infection of budgerigars with a H4N6 virus.In the EU and in other countries, vaccination of exposed exotic and rare birds and poultry is a possible and an acceptable measure to provide protection. Currently, the EU Commission accepts inactivated adjuvanted vaccines whereas in some other countries recently developed vector vaccines are applied. However, birds remain susceptible during the time interval between application of any vac-cineand the development of immunity.This critical period can be bridged with antiviral drugs. Our in ovo studies demonstrate that the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir is non-toxic forchicken embryos at concentrations of 0.1,1.0 and 10.0 mg\/kg body weight.These dosages prevented entirely the replication ofa HPAIV of the subtype H7N1 when this drug is given shortly priorto, simultaneously or soon after inoculation ofchicken embryos with this AIV. Thus, we speculate that exposed valuable birds such as psittacines at riskcan be successfully treated.


Zusammenfassung<\/strong>
V\u00f6gel der Ordnung Psittaciformes sind - neben H\u00fchnern, Puten und anderen Vogelarten -ebenfalls empf\u00e4nglich f\u00fcravi\u00e4re Influenza A-Viren (AIV).Ver\u00f6ffentlichte Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Sittiche, Amazonen, Kakadus, Graupapageien und Wellensittiche (Genera Barnardius, Psittacula, Cacatua, Eolophus, Amazona, Myiopsitta, Psittacus und Melopsittacus) nach nat\u00fcrlichen Infektionen mit AIV erkranken und innerhalb einerWoche nach schwerem Krankheitsverlauf sterben k\u00f6nnen. Hoch pathogene avi\u00e4re Influenza A-Viren (HPAIV) der H\u00e4magglutinin-Subtypen H5 und H7 verursachen schwere Krankheitsverl\u00e4ufe und hohe Mortalit\u00e4tsraten. Experimentelle \u00dcbertragungsversuche mit HPAIV der Subtypen H5 und H7 best\u00e4tigen die Ergebnisse nat\u00fcrlicher Infektionen. Auch AIVs der H\u00e4magglutinin-Subtypen H3N8, H4N6, H4N8, Hl 1N6 und Hl 1N8 k\u00f6nnen ebenfalls Krankheitssymptome und gelegentlich Verluste nach nat\u00fcrlichen Infektionen von Papageien und Sittichen hervorrufen. Klinische Symptome und Todesf\u00e4lle wurden ebenfallsbeobachtet nach experimenteller Infektion von Wellensittichen mit einem H4N6-Virus. Seit kurzem sind in der EU und in anderen L\u00e4ndern AlV-Vakzinationen zum Schutz von seltenen und kostbaren Vogelarten und von besonders exponiertem Hausgefl\u00fcgel m\u00f6glich. Derzeit akzeptiert die EU-Kommission nur inaktivierte, mit Adjuvans versehene Impfstoffe, w\u00e4hrend in nicht-EU-L\u00e4ndern auch neu entwickelte Vektorvakzinen angewendet werden. Allerdings bleiben V\u00f6gel voll empf\u00e4nglich in der Zeit zwischen der Applikation des Impfstoffs und dem Entstehen einer Immunit\u00e4t. Diese kritische Periode k\u00f6nnte \u00fcberbr\u00fcckt werden durch die Verabreichung antiviraler Arzneimittel. Unsere in ot\/o-Untersuchungen zeigen, dass der Neuraminidase-HemmerOseltamivir in Konzentrationen von 0,1,1,0 und 10,0 mg\/kg K\u00f6rpermasse nicht toxisch f\u00fcr H\u00fchnerembryonen ist. Diese Dosierungen haben die\/n-ovo-Vermehrung des HPAIVdes Subtyps H7N1 vollst\u00e4ndig unterbunden, wenn der Wirkstoff entweder kurze Zeit vor, gleichzeitig oder kurze Zeit nach der Virus-Inokulation der Embryonen injiziert wurde. Somit k\u00f6nnen exponierte wertvolle V\u00f6gel, wie es die meisten Papageien und Sittiche sind, erfolgreich vor den Folgen einer AlV-Infektion gesch\u00fctzt werden.<\/p>","primaryLanguage":"englisch","summary":"Birds of the order Psittaciformes are - besides chickens, turkeys and other birds - also susceptible to infection with avian influenza A viruses (AIV) and succumb follow-ing severe disease within one week. Published data prove that various parakeets, amazons, cockatoos, African grey parrots and budgerigars (genera Barnardius, Psittacula, Cacatua, Eolophus, Amazona, Myiopsitta, Psittacus and Melopsittacus) were found dead following natural infections. Natural infections of highly patho-genic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of the haemagglutinin subtypes H5 and H7 cause severe disease and high rates of mortality. Experimental transmission studies with AIVs of the subtypes H5 and H7 confirm these data. Viruses of the subtypes H3N8, H4N6, H4N8, Hl 1N6 and Hl 1N8 may cause also clinical signsand occasionally losses in naturally infected psittacine birds. Clinica signs and losses were also noted following experimental infection of budgerigars with a H4N6 virus.In the EU and in other countries, vaccination of exposed exotic and rare birds and poultry is a possible and an acceptable measure to provide protection. Currently, the EU Commission accepts inactivated adjuvanted vaccines whereas in some other countries recently developed vector vaccines are applied. However, birds remain susceptible during the time interval between application of any vac-cineand the development of immunity.This critical period can be bridged with antiviral drugs. Our in ovo studies demonstrate that the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir is non-toxic forchicken embryos at concentrations of 0.1,1.0 and 10.0 mg\/kg body weight.These dosages prevented entirely the replication ofa HPAIV of the subtype H7N1 when this drug is given shortly priorto, simultaneously or soon after inoculation ofchicken embryos with this AIV. Thus, we speculate that exposed valuable birds such as psittacines at riskcan be successfully treated.","zusammenfassung":"V\u00f6gel der Ordnung Psittaciformes sind - neben H\u00fchnern, Puten und anderen Vogelarten -ebenfalls empf\u00e4nglich f\u00fcravi\u00e4re Influenza A-Viren (AIV).Ver\u00f6ffentlichte Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Sittiche, Amazonen, Kakadus, Graupapageien und Wellensittiche (Genera Barnardius, Psittacula, Cacatua, Eolophus, Amazona, Myiopsitta, Psittacus und Melopsittacus) nach nat\u00fcrlichen Infektionen mit AIV erkranken und innerhalb einerWoche nach schwerem Krankheitsverlauf sterben k\u00f6nnen. Hoch pathogene avi\u00e4re Influenza A-Viren (HPAIV) der H\u00e4magglutinin-Subtypen H5 und H7 verursachen schwere Krankheitsverl\u00e4ufe und hohe Mortalit\u00e4tsraten. Experimentelle \u00dcbertragungsversuche mit HPAIV der Subtypen H5 und H7 best\u00e4tigen die Ergebnisse nat\u00fcrlicher Infektionen. Auch AIVs der H\u00e4magglutinin-Subtypen H3N8, H4N6, H4N8, Hl 1N6 und Hl 1N8 k\u00f6nnen ebenfalls Krankheitssymptome und gelegentlich Verluste nach nat\u00fcrlichen Infektionen von Papageien und Sittichen hervorrufen. Klinische Symptome und Todesf\u00e4lle wurden ebenfallsbeobachtet nach experimenteller Infektion von Wellensittichen mit einem H4N6-Virus. Seit kurzem sind in der EU und in anderen L\u00e4ndern AlV-Vakzinationen zum Schutz von seltenen und kostbaren Vogelarten und von besonders exponiertem Hausgefl\u00fcgel m\u00f6glich. Derzeit akzeptiert die EU-Kommission nur inaktivierte, mit Adjuvans versehene Impfstoffe, w\u00e4hrend in nicht-EU-L\u00e4ndern auch neu entwickelte Vektorvakzinen angewendet werden. Allerdings bleiben V\u00f6gel voll empf\u00e4nglich in der Zeit zwischen der Applikation des Impfstoffs und dem Entstehen einer Immunit\u00e4t. Diese kritische Periode k\u00f6nnte \u00fcberbr\u00fcckt werden durch die Verabreichung antiviraler Arzneimittel. Unsere in ot\/o-Untersuchungen zeigen, dass der Neuraminidase-HemmerOseltamivir in Konzentrationen von 0,1,1,0 und 10,0 mg\/kg K\u00f6rpermasse nicht toxisch f\u00fcr H\u00fchnerembryonen ist. Diese Dosierungen haben die\/n-ovo-Vermehrung des HPAIVdes Subtyps H7N1 vollst\u00e4ndig unterbunden, wenn der Wirkstoff entweder kurze Zeit vor, gleichzeitig oder kurze Zeit nach der Virus-Inokulation der Embryonen injiziert wurde. Somit k\u00f6nnen exponierte wertvolle V\u00f6gel, wie es die meisten Papageien und Sittiche sind, erfolgreich vor den Folgen einer AlV-Infektion gesch\u00fctzt werden.<\/p>","translatedTitle":"DOI 10.2377\/0341-6593-114-260","abstractE":"Birds of the order Psittaciformes are - besides chickens, turkeys and other birds - also susceptible to infection with avian influenza A viruses (AIV) and succumb follow-ing severe disease within one week. Published data prove that various parakeets, amazons, cockatoos, African grey parrots and budgerigars (genera Barnardius, Psittacula, Cacatua, Eolophus, Amazona, Myiopsitta, Psittacus and Melopsittacus) were found dead following natural infections. Natural infections of highly patho-genic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of the haemagglutinin subtypes H5 and H7 cause severe disease and high rates of mortality. Experimental transmission studies with AIVs of the subtypes H5 and H7 confirm these data. Viruses of the subtypes H3N8, H4N6, H4N8, Hl 1N6 and Hl 1N8 may cause also clinical signsand occasionally losses in naturally infected psittacine birds. Clinica signs and losses were also noted following experimental infection of budgerigars with a H4N6 virus.In the EU and in other countries, vaccination of exposed exotic and rare birds and poultry is a possible and an acceptable measure to provide protection. Currently, the EU Commission accepts inactivated adjuvanted vaccines whereas in some other countries recently developed vector vaccines are applied. However, birds remain susceptible during the time interval between application of any vac-cineand the development of immunity.This critical period can be bridged with antiviral drugs. Our in ovo studies demonstrate that the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir is non-toxic forchicken embryos at concentrations of 0.1,1.0 and 10.0 mg\/kg body weight.These dosages prevented entirely the replication ofa HPAIV of the subtype H7N1 when this drug is given shortly priorto, simultaneously or soon after inoculation ofchicken embryos with this AIV. Thus, we speculate that exposed valuable birds such as psittacines at riskcan be successfully treated.","date":{"year":2007,"date":"07\/2007","accepted":"2007-07-01"},"volume":"114","openAccess":false,"journal":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","titleImageId":944,"pages":"260-267","redirects":["aviaeres-influenza-a-virus-voegeln\/150\/3130\/69164"],"tierartCategories":[],"artikelartCategories":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","Abostufe BMTW","Fachartikel"]} CY - Hannover DA - 07/2007 DO - 10.2377/0341-6593-114-260 LA - English N2 - Birds of the order Psittaciformes are - besides chickens, turkeys and other birds - also susceptible to infection with avian influenza A viruses (AIV) and succumb follow-ing severe disease within one week. Published data prove that various parakeets, amazons, cockatoos, African grey parrots and budgerigars (genera Barnardius, Psittacula, Cacatua, Eolophus, Amazona, Myiopsitta, Psittacus and Melopsittacus) were found dead following natural infections. Natural infections of highly patho-genic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of the haemagglutinin subtypes H5 and H7 cause severe disease and high rates of mortality. Experimental transmission studies with AIVs of the subtypes H5 and H7 confirm these data. Viruses of the subtypes H3N8, H4N6, H4N8, Hl 1N6 and Hl 1N8 may cause also clinical signsand occasionally losses in naturally infected psittacine birds. Clinica signs and losses were also noted following experimental infection of budgerigars with a H4N6 virus.In the EU and in other countries, vaccination of exposed exotic and rare birds and poultry is a possible and an acceptable measure to provide protection. Currently, the EU Commission accepts inactivated adjuvanted vaccines whereas in some other countries recently developed vector vaccines are applied. However, birds remain susceptible during the time interval between application of any vac-cineand the development of immunity.This critical period can be bridged with antiviral drugs. Our in ovo studies demonstrate that the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir is non-toxic forchicken embryos at concentrations of 0.1,1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg body weight.These dosages prevented entirely the replication ofa HPAIV of the subtype H7N1 when this drug is given shortly priorto, simultaneously or soon after inoculation ofchicken embryos with this AIV. Thus, we speculate that exposed valuable birds such as psittacines at riskcan be successfully treated. PB - M. & H. Schaper GmbH PP - Hannover PY - 2007 SP - 260 EP - 267 T1 - Avian influenza A viruses in birds of the order Psittaciformes: reports on virus isolations, transmission experiments and vaccinations and initial studies on innocuity and efficacy of oseltamivir in ovo T2 - Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift TI - Avian influenza A viruses in birds of the order Psittaciformes: reports on virus isolations, transmission experiments and vaccinations and initial studies on innocuity and efficacy of oseltamivir in ovo TT - DOI 10.2377/0341-6593-114-260 VL - 114 SN - 0341-6593 ER -