TY - JOUR KW - lizard KW - microbiology KW - oral cavity KW - upper respiratory tract KW - bacteria AU - P Günther AU - J Verspohl AU - M Fehr AU - K Mathes AB - Even though bearded dragons (Pogona ssp.) become more and more popular as pets, the knowledge of their physiological bacterial flora is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to achieve baseline data regarding the aerobic and microaerophilic microbiological flora of the oropharynx and the proximal part of trachea. For this purpose, culture specimens were taken from 49 bearded dragons and processed using conventional bacteriological methods 19 bacterial genera (twelve Gram-negative, seven Gram-positive) including 32 species (22 Gram-negative, ten Gram-positive) were found, generally in light numbers. 66% of the isolated bacteria of the oropharynx were Gram-negative (Serratia spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus sp. in particular), mostly occurring in a mixed flora of two or three bacterial species including Gram-positive bacteria (i. a. Staphylococcus and Enterococcus). Only 27.7% of the tracheal specimens, in comparison to 92.8% of the oropharyngeal samples, yielded a positive microbiological result. In the tracheal swabs Staphylococcus and Enterococcus mainly constituted the Gram-positive flora, with Serratia being isolated as a regular Gramnegative representative. In general, there were one or two bacterial species isolated in a light quantity. There was a statistical higher amount of negative tracheal swabs in summer. Lizards housed pairwise or in groups generally yielded significantly more Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae in the oropharynx than their single conspecifics. Only little individual congruence of oral and tracheal microbiota (18.4%) could be detected, leading to the conclusion that oropharyngeal swabs are of only very little value as a diagnostic means in respiratory disease. BT - Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift C1 - {"oldId":99009,"title":"Aerobic microbiota of the oropharynx and the proximal trachea in captive bearded dragons (Pogona species)","topline":"","teaserText":"Die mikrobielle Besiedelung von Oropharynx und proximaler Trachea bei Bartagamen (Pogona species)","content":"

Summary<\/span>
Even though bearded dragons (Pogona ssp.) become more and more popular as pets, the knowledge of their physiological bacterial flora is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to achieve baseline data regarding the aerobic and microaerophilic microbiological flora of the oropharynx and the proximal part of trachea. For this purpose, culture specimens were taken from 49 bearded dragons and processed using conventional bacteriological methods 19 bacterial genera (twelve Gram-negative, seven Gram-positive) including 32 species (22 Gram-negative, ten Gram-positive) were found, generally in light numbers. 66% of the isolated bacteria of the oropharynx were Gram-negative (Serratia spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus sp. in particular), mostly occurring in a mixed flora of two or three bacterial species including Gram-positive bacteria (i. a. Staphylococcus and Enterococcus). Only 27.7% of the tracheal specimens, in comparison to 92.8% of the oropharyngeal samples, yielded a positive microbiological result. In the tracheal swabs Staphylococcus and Enterococcus mainly constituted the Gram-positive flora, with Serratia being isolated as a regular Gramnegative representative. In general, there were one or two bacterial species isolated in a light quantity. There was a statistical higher amount of negative tracheal swabs in summer. Lizards housed pairwise or in groups generally yielded significantly more Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae in the oropharynx than their single conspecifics. Only little individual congruence of oral and tracheal microbiota (18.4%) could be detected, leading to the conclusion that oropharyngeal swabs are of only very little value as a diagnostic means in respiratory disease. <\/p>

Keywords<\/span>
lizard, microbiology, oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, bacteria<\/p>

Zusammenfassung<\/span>
Obwohl sich Bartagamen in der Hobbyhaltung gro\u00dfer Beliebtheit erfreuen, ist der Kenntnisstand zur physiologischen bakteriellen Besiedlung dieser Tiere nur marginal. Ziel der Studie war es daher, Grundlagenkenntnisse zur aeroben und microaerophilen bakteriellen Besiedlung von Oropharynx und proximaler Trachea zu gewinnen. Hierzu wurden Tupferproben von 49 Bartagamen gewonnen und mittels konventioneller bakteriologischer Methoden untersucht. Insgesamt wurden 19 Bakteriengattungen (zw\u00f6lf gramnegative, sieben grampositive) mit 32 Spezies (22 gramnegative, zehn grampositive) in der Regel in geringgradiger Auspr\u00e4gung nachgewiesen. 66 % der im Rachen vertretenen Bakterien stellten sich als gramnegativ heraus (vorwiegend Serratia spp., Pseudomonas spp. und Proteus sp.). Meistens traten diese in Mischkulturen mit zwei bis drei weiteren Bakterienspezies einschlie\u00dflich grampositiver Bakterien (u. a. Staphylococcus und Enterococcus) auf. Im Vergleich zu 92,8 % der oropharyngealen Tupfer wiesen lediglich 27,7 % der Trachealproben ein positives mikrobielles Wachstum auf. Zumeist wurden dann Staphylococcus und Enterococcus (grampositiv) isoliert. Serratia repr\u00e4sentierte in der Trachea den am h\u00e4ufigsten vorkommenden gramnegativen Keim. Generell wurden aus den Trachealabstrichen lediglich ein bis zwei Spezies in geringgradiger Nachweisst\u00e4rke isoliert. Die Anzahl negativer Trachealproben stieg in den Sommermonaten signifikant an. Paar- oder gruppenweise gehaltene Echsen zeigten einen signifikant h\u00f6heren Anteil an Pseudomonas spp. und Enterobacteriaceae im Rachen als Bartagamen aus Einzelhaltung. Lediglich bei 18,4 % der Probanden stimmten die Keimspektren von Oropharynx und Trachea \u00fcberein. Dies best\u00e4rkt die Annahme, dass Maulh\u00f6hlenabstriche als Diagnostikum f\u00fcr respiratorische Erkrankungen ungeeignet sind.<\/p>

Schl\u00fcsselw\u00f6rter<\/span>
Echse, Mikrobiologie, Maulh\u00f6hle, oberer Respirationstrakt, Bakterien<\/p>","categories":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","Abostufe BMTW","Fachartikel"],"fromDate":"Nov 11, 2016 11:00:00 PM","oldUrls":["http:\/\/vetline.de\/aerobic-microbiota-of-the-oropharynx-and-the-proximal-trachea-in-captive-bearded-dragons-pogona-species\/150\/3130\/99009"],"doiLanguage":"englisch","doiProductFormat":"online","doiPublisher":"Schl\u00fctersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG","doiSerialWorkTitle":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","doiDocumentUri":"http:\/\/www.vetline.de\/aerobic-microbiota-of-the-oropharynx-and-the-proximal-trachea-in-captive-bearded-dragons-pogona-species\/150\/3130\/99009\/","doiSource":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift 129, Heft 11\/12 (2016), Seiten 500\u2013506","doiissn":"0005-9366","doiNr":"10.2376\/0005-9366-15123","doiFirstPage":"500","doiLastPage":"506","doiTransmitted":true,"doiAuthor":"G\u00fcnther P, Verspohl J, Fehr M, Mathes K","pdf":{"path":"http:\/\/data\/BMW_2016_11_12_0500.pdf","title":"BMW_2016_11_12_0500.pdf","description":"Aerobic microbiota of the oropharynx and the proximal trachea in captive bearded dragons (Pogona species)"},"authors":[{"firstName":"P","middleName":"","lastName":"G\u00fcnther"},{"firstName":"J","middleName":"","lastName":"Verspohl"},{"firstName":"M","middleName":"","lastName":"Fehr"},{"firstName":"K","middleName":"","lastName":"Mathes"}],"contentOptimised":"

Summary<\/strong>
Even though bearded dragons (Pogona ssp.) become more and more popular as pets, the knowledge of their physiological bacterial flora is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to achieve baseline data regarding the aerobic and microaerophilic microbiological flora of the oropharynx and the proximal part of trachea. For this purpose, culture specimens were taken from 49 bearded dragons and processed using conventional bacteriological methods 19 bacterial genera (twelve Gram-negative, seven Gram-positive) including 32 species (22 Gram-negative, ten Gram-positive) were found, generally in light numbers. 66% of the isolated bacteria of the oropharynx were Gram-negative (Serratia spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus sp. in particular), mostly occurring in a mixed flora of two or three bacterial species including Gram-positive bacteria (i. a. Staphylococcus and Enterococcus). Only 27.7% of the tracheal specimens, in comparison to 92.8% of the oropharyngeal samples, yielded a positive microbiological result. In the tracheal swabs Staphylococcus and Enterococcus mainly constituted the Gram-positive flora, with Serratia being isolated as a regular Gramnegative representative. In general, there were one or two bacterial species isolated in a light quantity. There was a statistical higher amount of negative tracheal swabs in summer. Lizards housed pairwise or in groups generally yielded significantly more Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae in the oropharynx than their single conspecifics. Only little individual congruence of oral and tracheal microbiota (18.4%) could be detected, leading to the conclusion that oropharyngeal swabs are of only very little value as a diagnostic means in respiratory disease. <\/p>

Keywords:<\/strong>
lizard, microbiology, oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, bacteria<\/p>

Zusammenfassung<\/strong>
Obwohl sich Bartagamen in der Hobbyhaltung gro\u00dfer Beliebtheit erfreuen, ist der Kenntnisstand zur physiologischen bakteriellen Besiedlung dieser Tiere nur marginal. Ziel der Studie war es daher, Grundlagenkenntnisse zur aeroben und microaerophilen bakteriellen Besiedlung von Oropharynx und proximaler Trachea zu gewinnen. Hierzu wurden Tupferproben von 49 Bartagamen gewonnen und mittels konventioneller bakteriologischer Methoden untersucht. Insgesamt wurden 19 Bakteriengattungen (zw\u00f6lf gramnegative, sieben grampositive) mit 32 Spezies (22 gramnegative, zehn grampositive) in der Regel in geringgradiger Auspr\u00e4gung nachgewiesen. 66 % der im Rachen vertretenen Bakterien stellten sich als gramnegativ heraus (vorwiegend Serratia spp., Pseudomonas spp. und Proteus sp.). Meistens traten diese in Mischkulturen mit zwei bis drei weiteren Bakterienspezies einschlie\u00dflich grampositiver Bakterien (u. a. Staphylococcus und Enterococcus) auf. Im Vergleich zu 92,8 % der oropharyngealen Tupfer wiesen lediglich 27,7 % der Trachealproben ein positives mikrobielles Wachstum auf. Zumeist wurden dann Staphylococcus und Enterococcus (grampositiv) isoliert. Serratia repr\u00e4sentierte in der Trachea den am h\u00e4ufigsten vorkommenden gramnegativen Keim. Generell wurden aus den Trachealabstrichen lediglich ein bis zwei Spezies in geringgradiger Nachweisst\u00e4rke isoliert. Die Anzahl negativer Trachealproben stieg in den Sommermonaten signifikant an. Paar- oder gruppenweise gehaltene Echsen zeigten einen signifikant h\u00f6heren Anteil an Pseudomonas spp. und Enterobacteriaceae im Rachen als Bartagamen aus Einzelhaltung. Lediglich bei 18,4 % der Probanden stimmten die Keimspektren von Oropharynx und Trachea \u00fcberein. Dies best\u00e4rkt die Annahme, dass Maulh\u00f6hlenabstriche als Diagnostikum f\u00fcr respiratorische Erkrankungen ungeeignet sind.<\/p>

Schl\u00fcsselw\u00f6rter:<\/strong>
Echse, Mikrobiologie, Maulh\u00f6hle, oberer Respirationstrakt, Bakterien<\/p>","primaryLanguage":"englisch","summary":"Even though bearded dragons (Pogona ssp.) become more and more popular as pets, the knowledge of their physiological bacterial flora is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to achieve baseline data regarding the aerobic and microaerophilic microbiological flora of the oropharynx and the proximal part of trachea. For this purpose, culture specimens were taken from 49 bearded dragons and processed using conventional bacteriological methods 19 bacterial genera (twelve Gram-negative, seven Gram-positive) including 32 species (22 Gram-negative, ten Gram-positive) were found, generally in light numbers. 66% of the isolated bacteria of the oropharynx were Gram-negative (Serratia spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus sp. in particular), mostly occurring in a mixed flora of two or three bacterial species including Gram-positive bacteria (i. a. Staphylococcus and Enterococcus). Only 27.7% of the tracheal specimens, in comparison to 92.8% of the oropharyngeal samples, yielded a positive microbiological result. In the tracheal swabs Staphylococcus and Enterococcus mainly constituted the Gram-positive flora, with Serratia being isolated as a regular Gramnegative representative. In general, there were one or two bacterial species isolated in a light quantity. There was a statistical higher amount of negative tracheal swabs in summer. Lizards housed pairwise or in groups generally yielded significantly more Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae in the oropharynx than their single conspecifics. Only little individual congruence of oral and tracheal microbiota (18.4%) could be detected, leading to the conclusion that oropharyngeal swabs are of only very little value as a diagnostic means in respiratory disease. <\/p>

","keywords":["lizard","microbiology","oral cavity","upper respiratory tract","bacteria"],"zusammenfassung":"Obwohl sich Bartagamen in der Hobbyhaltung gro\u00dfer Beliebtheit erfreuen, ist der Kenntnisstand zur physiologischen bakteriellen Besiedlung dieser Tiere nur marginal. Ziel der Studie war es daher, Grundlagenkenntnisse zur aeroben und microaerophilen bakteriellen Besiedlung von Oropharynx und proximaler Trachea zu gewinnen. Hierzu wurden Tupferproben von 49 Bartagamen gewonnen und mittels konventioneller bakteriologischer Methoden untersucht. Insgesamt wurden 19 Bakteriengattungen (zw\u00f6lf gramnegative, sieben grampositive) mit 32 Spezies (22 gramnegative, zehn grampositive) in der Regel in geringgradiger Auspr\u00e4gung nachgewiesen. 66 % der im Rachen vertretenen Bakterien stellten sich als gramnegativ heraus (vorwiegend Serratia spp., Pseudomonas spp. und Proteus sp.). Meistens traten diese in Mischkulturen mit zwei bis drei weiteren Bakterienspezies einschlie\u00dflich grampositiver Bakterien (u. a. Staphylococcus und Enterococcus) auf. Im Vergleich zu 92,8 % der oropharyngealen Tupfer wiesen lediglich 27,7 % der Trachealproben ein positives mikrobielles Wachstum auf. Zumeist wurden dann Staphylococcus und Enterococcus (grampositiv) isoliert. Serratia repr\u00e4sentierte in der Trachea den am h\u00e4ufigsten vorkommenden gramnegativen Keim. Generell wurden aus den Trachealabstrichen lediglich ein bis zwei Spezies in geringgradiger Nachweisst\u00e4rke isoliert. Die Anzahl negativer Trachealproben stieg in den Sommermonaten signifikant an. Paar- oder gruppenweise gehaltene Echsen zeigten einen signifikant h\u00f6heren Anteil an Pseudomonas spp. und Enterobacteriaceae im Rachen als Bartagamen aus Einzelhaltung. Lediglich bei 18,4 % der Probanden stimmten die Keimspektren von Oropharynx und Trachea \u00fcberein. Dies best\u00e4rkt die Annahme, dass Maulh\u00f6hlenabstriche als Diagnostikum f\u00fcr respiratorische Erkrankungen ungeeignet sind.<\/p>

","schluesselwoerter":["Echse","Mikrobiologie","Maulh\u00f6hle","oberer Respirationstrakt","Bakterien"],"translatedTitle":"Die mikrobielle Besiedelung von Oropharynx und proximaler Trachea bei Bartagamen (Pogona species)","abstractE":"Even though bearded dragons (Pogona ssp.) become more and more popular as pets, the knowledge of their physiological bacterial flora is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to achieve baseline data regarding the aerobic and microaerophilic microbiological flora of the oropharynx and the proximal part of trachea. For this purpose, culture specimens were taken from 49 bearded dragons and processed using conventional bacteriological methods 19 bacterial genera (twelve Gram-negative, seven Gram-positive) including 32 species (22 Gram-negative, ten Gram-positive) were found, generally in light numbers. 66% of the isolated bacteria of the oropharynx were Gram-negative (Serratia spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus sp. in particular), mostly occurring in a mixed flora of two or three bacterial species including Gram-positive bacteria (i. a. Staphylococcus and Enterococcus). Only 27.7% of the tracheal specimens, in comparison to 92.8% of the oropharyngeal samples, yielded a positive microbiological result. In the tracheal swabs Staphylococcus and Enterococcus mainly constituted the Gram-positive flora, with Serratia being isolated as a regular Gramnegative representative. In general, there were one or two bacterial species isolated in a light quantity. There was a statistical higher amount of negative tracheal swabs in summer. Lizards housed pairwise or in groups generally yielded significantly more Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae in the oropharynx than their single conspecifics. Only little individual congruence of oral and tracheal microbiota (18.4%) could be detected, leading to the conclusion that oropharyngeal swabs are of only very little value as a diagnostic means in respiratory disease. ","date":{"year":2016,"date":"11\/2016","accepted":"2016-11-11"},"volume":"129","openAccess":false,"journal":"Berliner und M\u00fcnchener Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","titleImageId":944,"pages":"500-506","redirects":["aerobic-microbiota-of-the-oropharynx-and-the-proximal-trachea-in-captive-bearded-dragons-pogona-species\/150\/3130\/99009"],"tierartCategories":[],"artikelartCategories":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift","Abostufe BMTW","Fachartikel"]} CY - Hannover DA - 11/2016 DO - 10.2376/0005-9366-15123 ET - 11/12 LA - English N2 - Even though bearded dragons (Pogona ssp.) become more and more popular as pets, the knowledge of their physiological bacterial flora is limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to achieve baseline data regarding the aerobic and microaerophilic microbiological flora of the oropharynx and the proximal part of trachea. For this purpose, culture specimens were taken from 49 bearded dragons and processed using conventional bacteriological methods 19 bacterial genera (twelve Gram-negative, seven Gram-positive) including 32 species (22 Gram-negative, ten Gram-positive) were found, generally in light numbers. 66% of the isolated bacteria of the oropharynx were Gram-negative (Serratia spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus sp. in particular), mostly occurring in a mixed flora of two or three bacterial species including Gram-positive bacteria (i. a. Staphylococcus and Enterococcus). Only 27.7% of the tracheal specimens, in comparison to 92.8% of the oropharyngeal samples, yielded a positive microbiological result. In the tracheal swabs Staphylococcus and Enterococcus mainly constituted the Gram-positive flora, with Serratia being isolated as a regular Gramnegative representative. In general, there were one or two bacterial species isolated in a light quantity. There was a statistical higher amount of negative tracheal swabs in summer. Lizards housed pairwise or in groups generally yielded significantly more Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae in the oropharynx than their single conspecifics. Only little individual congruence of oral and tracheal microbiota (18.4%) could be detected, leading to the conclusion that oropharyngeal swabs are of only very little value as a diagnostic means in respiratory disease. PB - Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG PP - Hannover PY - 2016 SP - 500 EP - 506 T1 - Aerobic microbiota of the oropharynx and the proximal trachea in captive bearded dragons (Pogona species) T2 - Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift TI - Aerobic microbiota of the oropharynx and the proximal trachea in captive bearded dragons (Pogona species) TT - Die mikrobielle Besiedelung von Oropharynx und proximaler Trachea bei Bartagamen (Pogona species) VL - 129 SN - 0005-9366 ER -