02169nas a2200265   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260007000043653001500113653001100128653001000139653002400149653001400173653000900187100001300196700002000209700001200229700001300241245009400254250000900348300001200357490000800369520151200377022001401889       2015                            d  c09/2015bSchlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KGaHannover10aultrasound10acattle10ajoint10acollateral ligament10acartilage10abone1 aN Borges1 aG Weissengruber1 aJ Huber1 aJ Kofler00aUltrasonographic examination of the elbow region in calves and cows – normal appearance  a9/10  a416-4240 v1283 aThe present study describes the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow region in healthy Holstein Friesian calves (n = 12) and Holstein Friesian cows (n = 12). Using 7.5 MHz linear and 5.0 MHz convex probes the ultrasonographic appearance and dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), joint pouch (JP), joint capsule (JC), joint space, vessels, muscles, bursa, bone surface, growth plate, articular and apophyseal cartilage were studied and measured. The exam started on the lateral aspect by identification of the LCL and continued to cranial, medial and caudal sides. The diameter of the LCL ranged between 9.2–18.1 mm in cows and 1.7–8.3 mm in calves. The caudo-lateral JP was easily imaged at the level of the humero-radioulnar joint caudal of the LCL, however the cranial JP was hardly or not visualized. Experimental injection of 20–0 ml of water post-mortem produced a clear distension and imaging of the joint pouch. Eleven muscles of the elbow region were distinguished in calves and seven in cows. Positive correlations were noticed between the age and the body weight (BW) with all parameters measured in calves. However, in cows, the BW correlated with the skin–bone surface distance and the thickness of the LCL only. It is concluded that ultrasonography allowed consistent imaging of the normal anatomical structures of the elbow region in calves and cows, giving reference values for the evaluation of pathological alterations.  a0005-9366