01662nas a2200169   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260007000043653001400113653002400127100001300151245006800164300001200232490000800244520122600252022001401478       2015                            d  c11/2015bSchlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KGaHannover10aadjuvants10aveterinary vaccines1 aV Gerdts00aAdjuvants for veterinary vaccines – types and modes of action  a456-4630 v1283 aAdjuvants are used to improve the immune response to vaccines. Formulation with adjuvants can result in an earlier onset of immunity, an overall stronger immune response, a specific type of immunity, or a longer duration of immunity to the vaccine. Adjuvants were discovered empirically, and for decades, have been used in both humans and animals without understanding the mechanisms of action. With an improved understanding of the immune system, and in particular the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity, we are now getting better insight into the function of adjuvants. As a result, new adjuvants are being developed that are safe and highly effective for common use in humans and animals, as well as for use in high risk populations such as immunocompromised animals, neonates or very old animals. Furthermore, adjuvants can help to reduce the amount of antigen needed in the vaccine, increase the stability of the vaccine and enable alternative administration routes such as needle-free delivery of the vaccine. Here, I will provide an overview of the existing adjuvant technologies for veterinary vaccines and provide an outlook into some of the new technologies in preclinical and clinical development.   a0005-9366