@article{1768,
  keywords = {CCD, Apis mellifera, honey bee, national survey, varroa, virus, nosema, pesticide},
  author = {A Nearman and D vanEngelsdorp},
  title = {What happened to Colony Collapse Disorder?},
  abstract = {The outbreak of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) over the winter of 2006–2007  devastated some beekeeping operations across the US. Historical review of the  literature revealed at least 20 accounts of colony losses similar in description to  CCD over the last 100 years. Analysis of samples taken from colonies suffering from the condition in 2006–2007, found no single putative cause. While no virus  in particular was identified as the cause of CCD, viruses however, are an important driver of one of the defining symptoms of the condition – the rapid loss of adult  bee population from colonies and apiaries. In response to CCD a National Loss Survey was initiated and has continued to the present. While confirmed cases of  CCD have not been reported in more than 5 years, winter losses average ~30% these last 10 years. The decline in CCD cases mirrors historical records of the disease, suggesting it follows an incidence pattern similar to that of other epidemics caused by highly pathogenic organisms. Current non-CCD losses are driven by a  combination of factors including parasites and pathogens, pesticides and poor nutrition. These factors can act on their own or in combination to affect bee  health, however, research suggests that the one leading cause of loss in the US is the ectoparasite mite Varroa and the viruses it vectors. },
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift},
  volume = {131},
  month = {11/2018},
  publisher = {Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG},
  address = {Hannover},
  issn = {0005-9366},
  doi = {10.2376/0005-9366-18012},
  language = {English},
}